Circulatory system Flashcards
circulatory system questions
what are the functions of the circulatory system
transport
protection
regulation
the cardiovascular system consists of what
the heart and the vessels
the circulatory system consist of what
the heart, vessels and blood
what two major things is the blood made of
plasma
formed elements
what are the formed elements of blood
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
how is blood separated
with a hematocrit tube and centrifuge
what major chemicals are in the plasma
albumin
globulin
fibrinogen
what is the function of albumin (also how much of it is in platelets)
- albumin helps in balancing flow of blood, made in the liver and helps to prevent swelling
- albumin also helps in transporting some minor plasma chemicals
what are the types of globulins
alpha and gamma globulins
what is the function of alpha globulins
- transport
- formation of hemoglobin
what cells secrete gamma globulins
mast cells (a type of lymphocytes)
what is the function of gamma globulins
they are immunoglobulins so work with immune system
what percentage of plasma is fribrinogen
about 7%
functions of fribrinogen
- involved in blood clotting
- forms platelet plug
- assists in blood coagulation
what is the active form of fibrinogen called
fibrin
where are the new Red blood cells formed
red bone marrow
RBC other name
erythrocytes
RBC characteristics
- biconcave disc shaped
- lack nearly all cellular organelles (including nucleus)
what is the significance of the biconcave disk shape in RBC
increase surface area for maximum O2 transport
What is Hemolysis
this is the bursting of rbc
explain what happens to rbc after hemolysis
hemolysis happens in spleen cos spleen tries to salvage what they can. globin taken from it to make proteins. iron is taken from it and stored in liver as FERRITIN.
how many globins are in rbc
2 alpha and 2 gamma
hemoglobin structure
4 protein chains (globins), 1 heme group (Fe2+)
when o2 binds to hemoglobin what forms
oxyhemoglobin
when co2 binds to hemoglobin what forms
carboaminoglobin
what causes blood types
varying chemistry of glycolipids on surface of RBCs
What is clumping/agglutination
this occurs when different blood types are mixed and the rbcs clump together instead of correctly joining
what blood type is the universal recipient
type AB
What blood type is the universal donor
Type O
what happens when a Rh+ mother has a Rh- baby and then a Rh+ baby
during the first pregnancy, mother build up rh antibodies then during the second pregnancy, agglutination occurs.
lifespan of RBCs
in males - approx. 120 days
in females - approx. 109 days
RBCs percentage in blood
in males - 42 - 56%, mean 47%
in females - 38 - 46%, mean 42%
why is the percentage of RBCs higher in males than females
testosterone has a stimulatory effect on RBCs production
Erythrocyte Life Cycle
Pluripotent stem cell - Colony forming unit (CFU) - Precursor cells - mature cells
what are the precursor cells in erythrocytes
erythroblast (still has nucleus)
reticulocyte (no nucleus)
what happens to old RBCs
they get phagocytized
Hb breakdown steps
Hb - Bilirubin (pigment) - liver - bile - small intestine - fat emulsification
what is erythropoiesis
the process by which red blood cells are made in red bone marrow
what is the reticuloendothelial system
these are a series of tissue macrophages consisting of:
- dust cells of lungs
- kupffur cells of liver
- microglial cells of CNS
another name for WBCs
Leukocytes
functions of WBC
protection against microbes and other pathogens
property of WBC under microscope
contains nucleus that stains light violet to dark under microscope
what is diapedesis
this is the migration of WBC through capillary walls
movement of WBCs
chemotaxis
diapedesis
categories of WBCs and why
granular (large)
agranular (tiny)
types of granular leukocytes
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
type of agranular leukocyte
monocyte
lymphocyte
how many percent of circulating leukocytes are neutrophils
about 60 - 70%
what is the meaning of polymorphonuclear
this is when a cell’s nucleus has multiple lobes or is divided in a complex way, giving the cell the appearance of having multiple nuclei.
how does neutrophils look under the microscope
it is polymorphonuclear with violet granules in cytoplasm
characteristic of neutrophils
- phagocytic
- ameboid
what do the neutrophils secrete
lysozymes
how many percentage of eosinophil is present in circulating WBCs
- about 2 - 4%
- it is abundant in certain tissues
how does eosinophil look under the microscope
the cytoplasm has red-orange granules from an eosin stain
what are the characteristics of eosinophils
they are phagocytic to antigen-antibody complexes
what do eosinophils secrete
chemicals to destroy large parasites
how many percentage of basophils is in circulating WBCs
about 0.5 - 1%
how does basophils look under the microscope
dark violet cytoplasmic granules
what is the characteristic of basophils
they are non-phagocytic
what does basophil secrete
they primarily secrete chemicals such as histamine
what percentage of monocytes is in WBCs
about 3 - 8% of WBCs
what is the characteristic of monocyte
it is the largest of the white blood cells
they have a kidney shaped nucleus
what is the function of monocyte
they are macrophages
dust cells
Kupffer cells
microglia
what is the structure of lymphocytes
they are the smallest of the WBCs
how many percentage of lymphocyte are in WBCs
25-33%
majority of them are in lymphatic tissues
what specific types of lymphocytes do we have
T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
NK cells
(immune surveillance)
what is another name for platelet
thrombocyte
process by which platelets are made is called
thrombopoiesis
which blood cell is not actually a cell
platelets
what is the name of the cell that forms platelets
megakaryocyte
what is hemostasis
the process by which the body stops blood from leaving a damaged vessel
