exam 2 PIR Flashcards
what is the outcome of the social exchange theory?
net profits or losses from interactions (outcome= reward - cost)
what is the comparison level (CL)?
outcomes we expect to believe we deserve
* outcome<CL= dissatisfied
* outcome>CL= satisfied
what is comparison level on alternatives (CLalt)?
outcome from leaving you current relationship and moving to the best alternative
* outcome - CLalt = dependent or independent
* outcome < CLalt = independence or unstable
* outcome > CLalt = Dependence or stable
(note) there are going to be questions about social exchange theory concepts with satisfaction and stability
what are the adverse childhood experiences that have the worst outcomes?
- physical abuse
- emotional abuse
- poverty
- witness violence
- sexual abuse
- neglect
- parents separated or divorced
- household substance misuse
- incarcerated household member
- household member with mental illness (most harmful for children)
how would poverty influence adolescent identity?
- social stigma, marginalization, and poor treatment
- marginalized into a lower status
- teachers view low-income children less-positively and have lower expectations
- messages are internalized (viewed as less positive)
- reducing stigma is more important than developing resources
how is poverty linked to career and education opportunities?
as poverty increases, your career and education aspirations decrease
why do we form workplace relationships?
we form workplace relationships to have a source of information or power, social support, trust, relational maintenance, mentoring, and to help us focus at work.
what are the different types of workplace relationships? (3 types)
- information peers
- collegial peers
- special peers
how do you form a workplace relationship?
- information sharing
- networking
- workplace socialization and onboarding
- knowledge management and maintenance
what are problematic workplace relationships? (2 types)
Emotional vampires- causing emotional stress on us
Deviant workplace behavior- voluntary violating organizational norms and threatens the well-being of the organization
what are the types of problematic bosses?
- the different boss
- the ok boss
- good old boy or girl
- toxic boss
- self-centered taskmaster boss
- intrusive harasser boss
the types of problematic co-workers?
- adolescent
- bully
- mild annoyance
- independent self-promoter
- pushy playboy/playgirl
- independent other
- soap opera star
- abrasive, incompetent harasser
what are the types of problematic employees? (5 types)
- incompetent renegade
- the different one
- the bully
- abrasive harasser
- okay subordinate
what is the personal outcome to a romantic workplace relationship?
working and living with that person
what is the professional and organizational outcome of a workplace relationship?
if its a healthy relationship then there could be an increase in productivity, better decision-making, and higher job satisfaction, but if it was an unhealthy relationship it would have the opposite effect and could result someone being relocated.
how do workplace relationships develop?
it usually works because of proximity, similarity, and ease of opportunity
what do we not like to talk about in a relationship?
ex-relationships, trauma
what are the different types of secret test?
- directive test
- endurance test
- indirect suggestion
- presenting to outsiders test
- seperation test
- third party test
- triangle test
what are the types of jealously?
- reactive jealously
- suspicious jealously
which jealously does everyone engage in?
reactive jealously
what is reactive jealously?
at a specific thing
what is suspicious jealously?
don’t have a specific thing to be jealous about
how does jealously affect gender differently?
women: relationship, make partner jealous
men: ego
what did we conclude about how people respond to jealously?
it depends on the attachment style and we try to protect ourselves from it but in the end we get hurt
do different types of exclusion hurt more or less?
no they all hurt the same
do different types of inclusion feel better?
they all feel good
what are the different types of hurtful messages? (10)
evolutions
advising statements
accusation
questions
directives
threats
informative statements
jokes
statement of desire
lies
how often do people lie?
- most tell a big lie once a week
- 7% tell three lies a day
- 1/4 of all lies are told to benefit other
how often to we lie to people we are married to?
around 4.8% of couples tell small lies to protect the other person from getting their feelings hurt
what about those that are dating? (lies)
in the early stages they tell a lie one in three conversations they have or 4.8% tell lies
how can people identifying lying?
by the other persons body language
ex. not making eye contact, moving a lot(moving there hands while telling the story a lot), or telling a story that’s not related to the lie.
what percentage of lies can we identify?
we can identify around 50% of lies
are all lies negative and self-serving?
no some of them are can be used to protect someones feelings
what are the types of bullying?
physical bullying
indirect or relational bullying
verbal bullying
which kind of bullying are women more likely to engage in?
verbal bullying
what are the types of workplace bullying? (seven types)
- isolation and exclusion
- intimidation and threats
- verbal threat
- damaging professional identity
- limiting career opportunities
- obstructing work or making work life difficult
- denial of due process and natural justice, negative outcome
what are the benefits to an apology?
increased feeling of empathy and reduced consequences
when do apologies work and when do they not?
apologies only work when the other person knows you are sincere
what are the ABCDs of apologizing?
A. expression of responsibility
B. conveyance of remorse
C. direct requests for forgiveness
D. commitment to avoid repeated occurrences of the same behavior
what are the three things we needed for forgiveness?
desire
hope
humility
based on research is revenge effective?
no because it could increase stress and anxiety in that person or make you feel worse because you hurt them
what are healthy ways to responses to relationship stress?
- disconnect self-esteem from the relationship
- reduce irrational, catastrophic thinking
- enhance self-esteem
- improve communication
- increase satisfaction
- manage you side of the circle
what is mindfulness?
someone that is present in the moment and non-judgmental
what do you pay attention to when being mindful?
sensations
emotions
thoughts
what are the benefits to being mindful?
- mindfulness practice trains you nervous system to know itself better and interfere with itself less
- increases out impulse control
- it decreases out pride
- it strengthens the prefrontal cortex of the brain
- it is connected to prevention of mental aging
- in therapy it is now on the list for pain management
Brene Brown definition of shame?
the ideas that “I am not enough”
Brene Brown definition of worthiness?
a person that has a strong sense of love and belonging and feeling worthy of love
Brent Brown definition of courage?
tell the story of who you are with your heart
Brene Brown definition of vulnerability
showing who you are to others
who is most likely to have high levels of worthiness?
vulnerable people
difference between shame and guilt
shame you feel bad about yourself while guilt is feeling about about your actions
vulnerability masks that are most frequently used
- foreboding joy
- perfectionism
- numbing
shame messages experienced by gender
women feel shame for not doing enough while men feel shame for not being strong enough
what is the antidote to shame?
empathy
different types of empathy?
- subjective empathy
- objective empathy
- interpersonal empathy
which empathy should we thrive for?
interpersonal empathy
formula for expressing empathy?
- you feel ( correct emotion)
- Because… (behavior experience, thoughts)
- match the other person
difference between empathy and sympathy?
empathy fuels connection
sympathy drives disconnection
what is altruism?
the belief in or practice of disinterested and selfless concern for the well-being of others
why do people help/not help?
social exchange theory- belief if you do it to someone else someone will do it to you
reciprocal altruism- a behavioral strategy where an individual helps another person with the expectation of receving similiar help in the future
what is lateen and barley model of helping?
- emergency
2.notice event - see the event as an emergency
- assume responsibility
- know appropriate from of assistance
- intervene
how are you going to notice the event? (when there is an emergency)
by interpreting the event as an emergency
how does pluralistic ignorance factor into interpreting an event as a emergency?
you don’t intervene so no help is given
what are the prevalences of mental disorders?
in a 2022 study, it was estimated that more than 1 in 5 adults in the US live with a mental health diagnosis
what are the barriers that prevent people from getting services?
accessibly
- lack of providers
-overbooked
-financial
acceptability
- stigma
- family
- education
what is the prevalence of addiction?
- 16.7% of Americans 12 years or older battled a substance use disorder in the past year
- 2.7% of Americans 12 years or older struggled with both alcohol and drug use simultaneously
- 7.9% of American adults suffered from both a mental health disorder and a substance use disorder simultaneously in the past year
how does the brain adapt in response to addiction?
you like the feeling of the behavior or substance you are using and becomes addicted to it because addiction is a mental illness
why is quitting an addiction more complicated than it may seem?
your body gets use to the feeling and you become dependent on it
differentiate between the models of addiction and the critiques of each model.
- brain disease model
- genetic model
- tension-reduction-relief model
- positive reinforcement model
- family and sociocultural model
- family system model
- BPSS model
what are the family rules around addiction?
- don’t talk
- don’t trust
- Don’t feel
how individuals and families manage anxiety around addiction?
- underfunctioners
-overfunctioners - pursuers
- distancers
blamers
how are the examples of enabling behavior?
- avoiding and shielding
- attempting to control
- taking over responsibilities
- rationalizing and accepting
- cooperating and collaboration
what can the enabler do to stop the enabling?
go to a treatment facility or talk to someone to get help
is stopping enabling easy/hard?
its hard
stages family members go through in recovery
- denial
- anger
- bargaining
- feeling
- acceptance
what is the brain disease model?
substance use changes the biological makeup of the brain
what is the genetic model
specific genetic markers that affect neurobiological processes and cause a predisposition to developing addictions
what is the tension reduction relief model?
individual experiences excessive stress in life and turns to substance for temp relief
what is positive reinforcement model?
people continue substance use despite the negative consequences of addiction
what is family and sociocultural model?
addiction is influenced by an individuals family and culture- impacts the way we think, decision making and the beliefs we hold
what is the family system model?
this model approaches any individual issue as a family issue
what is the BPSS model?
bio- genetics- addictive tendencies
psycho- addiction is considered a mental illness
social- family peers significant others, community
spiritual- disconnect from others and spiritual practices
