Exam 2 Personality

Question 1

How do we decide who is the best for a job?

Answer 1

–Use of statistics in sports
ex. williams sisters judged by their accomplishments/stat evidence related to potential recruits

–Use of psychological tests
ex. quality of candidates known by using these tests

–Spontaneous interaction with candidates
more natural answers

Question 2

what is the trait tradition?

Answer 2

identifying and measuring traits, which are distinguishable and stable patterns of behavior and experience

Question 3

what is a trait?

Answer 3

distinguishable and stable patterns of behavior and experience. includes stable patterns of physical actions, decisions, emotions, and thoughts

Question 4

basic principles of trait approach

Answer 4

–not states
–consistent/stable impact
–dichotomous/measured on a continuum

Question 5

what is a taxonomy

Answer 5

descriptive models or classifications based on similarity, function, structue, size, origin, and the like

supposed to be scientifically based and provide opportunities for examination and review for replication and cross-cultural applicability

Question 6

history of trait approach

Answer 6

–hume; 4 traits
pleasure seeking
virtue seeking
philosophical seeking
critical thinking
–hartley: 2 groups
1: includes imagination,
ambition, and self interest
2: includes sympathy,
theopathy, and moral sense

Question 7

Allport character vs. personality

Answer 7

–character: seen as moral category associated with societal prescriptions and the manner with which people follow these directions
–personality: referred to the objective self that individual forms over the course of their lives and in various situations

Question 8

cardinal, central, and secondary traits

Answer 8

–cardinal: dominate an individuals personality and should explain most of the individuals important decisions or actions/these traits stand out (ex gandhi’s cardinal trait of rejecting violence)
– central: building blocks of an individuals personality (ex. openness to experience, kindness) cardinal traits influence central traits
–secondary: patterns under circumstances

Question 9

ramond cattell types of data

Answer 9

–Life Data (L-Data): researcher should gather facts from the individuals behavior patterns in the real world
–Experimental Data (T-Data): about responses to standardized experimental situations created in a laboratory where subjects behavior is investigates and measured
–Questionnaire Data (Q-
Data): self-assessments or answers to a series of questions about specific behaviors or experiences

Question 10

16 personality factors

Answer 10

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Question 11

factor analysis

Answer 11

statistical method to deal with large numbers of observed variables that are thought to reflect a smaller number of underlying variables

Question 12

Eysneck’s theory of personality (Eysneck’s E and N)

Answer 12

–Extraversion
–Neuroticism
–Psychoticism (added later): personality pattern that manifests in persistent aggressiveness and hostility to others

The Choleric: high N high E
The Melancholic: high N low E
The Sanguine: low N high E
The Phlegmatic: low N low E

Question 13

Big Five

Answer 13

O (openness)
C (conscientiousness)
E (extraversion)
A (agreeableness)
N (neuroticism) - emotional stability

Question 14

HEXACO

Answer 14

H (humility-honesty)
E (emotionality)
X (extraversion)
A (agreeableness)
C (conscientiousness)
O (openness to experience)

Question 15

what personality traits do employers work for? What personality traits are associated with success in the workplace

Answer 15

1 conscientiousness

#2 agreeableness

Question 16

Do STUPID people have certain traits?

Answer 16

–confident arrogance (overconfidence bias)
–lack of control (lack of SELF control)
–absentmindedness (low awareness becomes constant it becomes a trait/multitasking/extreme pos or neg feelings about emotions)

Question 17

Atavism

Answer 17

reversion of behavior to some earlier developmental stages (a biological predisposition to criminal traits

Question 18

what is the cognitive approach/cognitive revolution

Answer 18

the gradual yet significant shift of focus within university psychology from being primarily behavioral to being increasingly cognitive

Question 19

experimental intropection

Answer 19

method which the researcher had to carefully observe his or her own experience as a response to a physical stimulus delivered in the laboratory surroundings

Question 20

gestalt psychology

Answer 20

the subjective self or inner world is a whole or a coherent system with its own inner logic that interconnects all these elements. turning away from the idea that an individuals experiences consists or unrelated inert elements

Question 21

field theory (Kurt Lewin)

Answer 21

B=f(P,E)
–Lewins approach to combining the main principles of Gestalt Psychology
–the acting and thinking individual is part of a dynamic field of independent forces

Question 22

level of aspiration

Answer 22

degree of difficulty of the goal toward which a person is striving

Question 23

fields in cognitive science - cognitive neuroscience

Answer 23

examines brain mechanisms that support mental functions

Question 24

fields in cognitive science - computer science

Answer 24

Alan Turing believed that human judgement or work of the mind could be explained from the standpoint of math and logic
1. brain must use info from a variety of sources inside and outside body to operate
2. brain uses this info to solve problems
3. each problem solving method is based on a particular rule or algorithm
Turing believed that if these assumptions were correct them computer science could provide new insights into the mechanisms of the central nervous system

Question 25

fields in cognitive science - philosophy

Answer 25

psychology established itself and became more confident as a science and started getting input from philosophy again consciousness cannot be studies perfectly by physics or biology - biological phenomenon

Question 26

how did Alan Turing contribute to cognitive psychology?

Answer 26

computer science??????????

Question 27

what are attitudes?

Answer 27

cognitive representations and evaluations of various features of the social and physical world attitudes are physiological links or associations between various cognitive images and their evaluations

Question 28

what is the difficulty in studying attitudes?

Answer 28

attitudes are not directly observable although we cannot see attitudes we can judge them from peoples behavior, their verbal or written responses, as well as infer them by means of experimental procedures

Question 29

what are the components of attitudes?

Answer 29

--Affective: it is often known as the emotional component. may be dichotomous evaluation or ambivalent evaluation. you can feel good or bad or indifferent about something --Behavioral: can demonstrate attitudes in certain situations. behaviors can be influenced by attitudes, but they also influence attitudes --cognitive: characterized by an individuals knowledge about a certain object, person, or issue, including learned facts, experiences, and assumptions about various aspects of reality

Question 30

weak and strong attitudes

Answer 30

--strong attitudes enforced by emotional-cognitive links that are based on a substantial amount of knowledge and reinforced by a sound emotional commitment to an object or issue. Likely to influence individuals behavior --weak attitudes tend to change because the emotional-cognitive connection is weak and they are not based on important knowledge or a strong emotional commitment

Question 31

attitude accessibility

Answer 31

attitudes that are more accessible are more likely to to be expressed and more likely to affect behavior than attitudes that are less accessible people are less likely to hold onto attitudes that are accessible to them if these attitudes conflict with the individuals other attitudes --single evaluation attitudes: single composition of the affective component MORE accessible --dual-evaluation attitudes: contain an ambivalent emotional component. more TIME CONSUMING and requires greater cognitive effort bc of positive and negative evaluations. Ambivalent attitudes are usually LESS accessible that single eval

Question 32

What is attitude balance? Fritz Heider

Answer 32

--balanced view: said ppl need a balanced noncontradictory and consistent view of the world around them. nature of human experience to be "balanced". people tend to seek explanations for their judgements, thus creating perceptual distortions --balanced cognitive system: system in which individuals agree with people they like or differ with people they dislike. attach greater value to things we like and less value to things we dislike --variance in cognitive consistency: varied across cultures (ex. US tends to prefer balance whole japan tends to be accepting of inconsistency)

Question 33

what is cognitive dissonance?

Answer 33

individuals experience the unpleasant psychological state known as cognitive dissonance when they perform an action that is contradictory to their beliefs and ideas or when they are confronted by new info that conflicts with their beliefs or ideas (can be conscious or unconscious) causes for tension choices to eliminate tension least effort principle

Question 34

attributions

Answer 34

--attribution: process by which individuals explain the causes of behavior and events. process of making judgments and explaining the world and other peoples actions from a specific standpoint

Question 35

Kelley's three stand points from which people judge other peoples behavior

Answer 35

--Consistency: --Distinctiveness: --Consensus:

Question 36

Dispositional or situational attributes

Answer 36

--dispositional attributes: involve explaining the causes of behavior to INTERNAL influences like PERSONALITY --situational attributes: involve assigning the causes of behavior to the EXTERNAL influences like the SITUATION we are prone to weigh internal determinants too heavily and external determinants too lightly

Question 37

Fundamental Attribution Error

Answer 37

we are prone to weigh internal determinants too heavily and external determinants too lightly when it comes to others

Question 38

George Kelley

Answer 38

combined the principles of cognitive psychology and applied psychotherapy to approach the individual personality

Question 39

naive scientists

Answer 39

individuals who seek rational and reasonable answers yet lack scientific knowledge and critical judgment. rely on evidence available to them and facts they learn from others

Question 40

how many corollaries (interconnected assumptions) there are

Answer 40

11

Question 41

constructs: adaptive or non adaptive

Answer 41

constructs: stable assumptions that the individual develops about other people, the self, and the world in general have a limited range of predicting power

Question 42

what is self-awareness

Answer 42

our ability to recognize self as something separate from the environment and other individuals

Question 43

difference between public and private self

Answer 43

--public: is the concept of self in relation to others for others --private: indicates feelings and thoughts about oneself for oneself

Question 44

what is social identity?

Answer 44

peoples perceived membership in one or several social groups is their social identity

Question 45

focus on cognitive therapy

Answer 45

not a single method of treatment but an approach to psychotherapy rooted in the assumption that certain psychological disorders and many difficult psychological problems come from an individuals unique view of the world and the self essential concepts to help is: --collaborative empiricism --socratic dialogue --guided discovery ACT -Acceptance and Commitment Therapy

Question 46

Gambling fallacies

Answer 46

false belief that if something happens more frequently than usual during a period, it will happen less often in future and vice versa

Question 47

Humanistic Approach

Answer 47

a tradition or a value orientation in psychology that holds a hopeful and constructive view of people and of their substantial capacity to be self determining

Question 48

two important global developments that contributed to development of humanistic approach

Answer 48

World War II and The Cold War

Question 49

holistic perspective

Answer 49

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Question 50

Existentialism vs. Existential Psychology

Answer 50

-- existentialism: an intellectual tradition that focuses on individual existence, its uniqueness, free will, and responsibility --existential psychology: a system of views and practices based on existentialist principles that the individuals existence and experiences are unique, exceptional, and unrepeatable