EXAM 2 Perioprative care Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 3 layers of the skin
A
Epidermis and Dermis & Hypodermis
2
Q
Define a clean wound
A
a wound free of infection
3
Q
What are the two categories of wounds
A
Acute and Chronic
4
Q
Define Superficial wound
A
Involves only the epidermis
5
Q
Define full thickness wound
A
deepest wound, extends through all layers of skin + may extend further to bones
6
Q
Define partial thickness wound
A
involves the epidermis and dermis but not deeper
7
Q
What are the three “thickness” types of wounds
A
Superficial thickness
Partial thickness
full thickness
8
Q
Define Exudate
A
Drainage
9
Q
Define Necrosis
A
Dead tissue
10
Q
define Granulated tissue
A
New tissue
11
Q
Define a Suspected deep tissue injury
A
a discoloration of the skin, but skin is still intact. Bruising
12
Q
What is a Stage 1 pressure injury mean
A
closed wound
the skin is not broken, it is red and nonblanchable
13
Q
What is a stage 2pressure injury
A
open wound
the skin is broken, includes only the superficial layer of skin. Redness, blisters, partial thickness skin loss.
14
Q
What is a stage 3 pressure injury
A
open wound extends down to subcutaneous tissue (Hypodermis) may also show tunneling or undermining
15
Q
What is undermining when looking at a wound
A
the wound extends under a flap of skin but is not intact.
16
Q
What is a Stage 4 pressure ulcer
A
open wound down through all the layers of skin, exposes muscles or bones.
17
Q
What is important to remember when assessing the healing process of wounds. (related to documentation)
A
Pressure ulcers can not heal backwards in stages
WRONG ex. stage 4…. 5 days later now a stage 3.
CORRECT ex. Stage 4…. 5 days later Stage 4 Healing.
18
Q
Define Eschar
A
a dry, dark scab or falling away of dead skin
19
Q
Define Slough
A
White, yellow Stringy dead skill cells
20
Q
What two reasons would make a pressure ulcer unstageable
A
the presence of
eschar
slough
21
Q
What is the Braden scale and what 6 things does it assess for.
A
A pressure injury Risk assessment
1.sensory perception
2.moisture
3.activity
4.moblity
5.nutrition
6.friction and sheer
grading <16 is high risk.
22
Q
What are the three phases of healing
A
Inflammatory phase
Proliferative phase
Remodeling (modification) phase
23
Q
What lab values are elevated in the inflammatory phase of healing
A
Neutrophils
Macrophages
Mast cells
24
Q
What is the job of Neutrophils in the Inflammatory phase of healing
A
WBC, floods to injury site early to kill bacteria. Will remain elevated as long as bacteria is still present.
25
What is the job of Mast cells in the inflammatory phase of healing
to secrete histamine, increase vascular dilation and stimulate collagen formation, or even short term edema of injury site.
26
What is the job of histamine in an injury
Histamine exerts a vasodilatory effect and enhances the amount of blood going to the wound.
acts as a big messenger to tell the body to send more blood to an injury site to help clot and heal.
27
What is the Job of Macrophages in the inflammatory phase of healing
promote phagocytosis
Their role is to phagocytose dead cells and bacteria and prepare the wound for healing.
Kill all bacteria to start over!
28
Define Phagocytosis
The process by which a phagocyte (a type of white blood cell) surrounds and destroys foreign substances (such as bacteria) and removes dead cells.
29
What does collagen do in wound healing
supports new blood vessel formation, granulation tissue formation, the debridement of the wound and the ability of the wound to re-epithelize
30
What happens during the Inflammatory phase of healing (breif)
This is the bodies initial response to an injury. a message is sent throughout the body to flood to site an start healing and protecting
31
What happens during the Proliferative phase of wound healing
the body works to restore skin integrity and form a temporary scab.
32
Define Angiogenesis
new blood cell formation within the wound
33
Define Granulation tissue
Bright red, new tissue as a result of wound healing.
34
What do Macrophages do in the Proliferative phase of healing.
Secrete Fibroblasts that aid in depositing collegen into wound to help form a scar (still sensitive but stronger than the temporary scab)
35
Define Epithelialization
temporary protection formed over wound in the form of a scab to prevent bacteria from getting in while the wound heals underneath.
36
Define Dehiscence
he splitting or bursting open of a wound.
37
Define Evisceration
evisceration involves the protrusion of internal viscera from the incision site.
the site opens and the inside contents come out.
38
TRUE or FALSE Corticosteroids and Aspirin Delay wound healing
TRUE
39
What are the three intentions of wound healing and explain each.
Primary intention - uncomplicated, healing quickly with little scarring
Secondary intention - uncomplicated wound that naturally takes longer to heal. includes scarring
Tertiary intention - dely in healing due to Dehiscence or evisceration or infection
40
Define wound (skin) grafting
taking healthy tissue from another part of the body to aid in faster approximation of a wound.
41
What is Serous drainage - what does this mean
watery fluid, straw colored - natural healing fluids
42
What is Serousanguineous drainage - what does this mean
pink to pale read fluid - contains a mix of serous and sanguineous (bloody) fluid
43
What is Sanguineous drainage - what does this mean
Bright red or fresh blood drainage - active bleeding
44
What is purulent drainage - what does this mean
Green, thick or dark yellow - indicates infection or pus
45
What is Negative pressure wound therapy
filling a wound with gauze and then applying negative pressure suction to excrete drainage and debridement.
46
What patients would Negative pressure wound therapy be contraindicated for?
Cancer patients
patients on anticoagulants
47
What kind of drain is a JP drain
Closed drainage system that removes exudate from would into a negative pressure bulb.
48
Define Preoperative
Before surgery
49
What is the sole responsibility of a surgeon during PREoperative care
to obtain pt consent and explain all aspects of procedure;
50
What is the responsibility of a preoperative nurse
to clarify information and ensure pt understanding. (+ check that consent was obtained)
51
Explain the Time out/ Pause for cause protocol (2 steps)
1. a pause is take upon pt entry to the surgical facility. healthcare team confirm correct pt, procedure, site and education
patient states
- name and DOB
- correct procedure site
- surgeon circles correct procedure site.
2. Right before incision health care team confirm among themselves the correct pt, procedure, site.
52
What is Advance directives
a document listing the patients wishes in case the patient is unable to communicate them themselves.
53
In reguards to NPO status before surgery - list the hours of oral intake allowed before surgery for food, instant formula, breast milk, and clear fluids
food - NPO 8 hrs before surgery
instant formula - stop 6 hrs before surgery
Breast milk- stop 4 hrs before surgery
clear liquids - stop 2 hours before surgery.
54
What do Antiarrythmias affect during surgery
Affect tolerance of anesthesia and potentiate neuromuscular blockers: depress cardiac function, output and pulse
55
What do Antihypertensives affect during surgery ( list examples of classes associated with antihypertensive medications)
Alter response to muscle relaxants and opioids.
may cause hypotensive crisis during and after procedure.
ACE inhibitors (pril)
beta blockers (olol)
calcium channel blockers (dine) * not always suffix
ARBS (sartan)
56
What do Corticosteroids affect during or after surgery (list some examples of specific medications)
dely wound healing because they block collagen formation , increase the risk of hemorrhage and may mask signs of infection
SUFFIX "sone"
predinisone
Hydocortisone
Dexamethasone
57
What do Anticoagulants affect during or after surgery
Inhibit clot formation for wound healing. increase risk of hemorrhage
58
List some specific anticoagulant medications that would be contraindicated for surgery.
(medications listed are ones we are learning in class)
Enoxaparin (lovenox)
Heparin
Warfarin (coumadin)
59
What do Antiplatelet agents affect during or after surgery - list one example of a specific medication
inhibit platelet aggregation to prevent clots.
Asprin!
60
What do NSAIDS affect during or after surgery
list specific medications (specific to medications we are learning in class)
May prolong bleeding time and may cause intraoperative or postoperative bleeding
Ibuprofen (motrin)
61
What do Anticonvulsant's affect during or after surgery
list some specific examples of medications (ones we have learned in class)
may alter the metabolism of anesthesia.
Phenobarbital (Nembutal)
Phenytoin (Dilatin)
62
What does a inpatient surgery mean
the recovery post op will be in a hospital
63
What does outpatient surgery mean
the recovery post op will be at home
64
Define elective surgery
not necessary but chosen by the pt and schedule
(plastic surgery example)
65
Define Urgent surgery
necessary but can be scheduled
66
Define Emergency surgery
not chosen or planned by pt, necessary to save ones life or limb.
67
Define intraoperative
during the surgery
68
During a procedure who is involved in the STERILE team members and what are their roles (3 answers)
1.surgeon - leader of operation
2. surgical assistant; help for surgeon
3.scrub tech - hands surgeon sterile instruments
69
During a procedure who is involved in the NONsterile team members and what are their roles. (4 answers)
1. Circulating RN - OR nurse that monitors the pt before during and after operation.
2. Anesthesia provider - monitors pt and anesthesia;
3. UAP - unlicensed assistive personal- helps position pt.
4. OR director- oversight of business aspect - staffing etc.
70
briefly describe a surgical scrub
diligently washing hands for 3-5 min up to elbows
71
What is General Anesthesia
Being " put to sleep" or "put under" a reversible unconscious state.
72
What three categories are involved with General anesthesia
Volatile Agents
Iv Agents
Muscle Relaxants
73
List some IV anesthesia agents (medications we have learned in class)
list their class and generic name (3 medications)
Barrbiturates: Phenobarbital
Benzodiazepines - lorazepam
opioids - morphine, fetnyl, hydromorphine
74
What are some complications to general anesthesia
Hypoxia
Respiratory or cardiac dysfunction
Hypotension
Hypertension
fluid and electrolyte imbalances
Neurological problems
Malignant Hyperthermia
75
Define Malignant Hyperthermia
Malignant hyperthermia is a type of severe reaction that occurs in response to particular medications used during general anesthesia,
Symptoms include muscle rigidity, fever, and a fast heart rate.
Complications can include muscle breakdown and high blood potassium
76
What is regional Anesthesia and list some examples
local anesthetic used to block are anesthetize a nerve or specific area
epidurals - inj into lumbar spine
Caudal - form of epidural, inj into sacral spine
spinal anesthesia - uses a catheter
Nerve blocks- anesthetizing a specific nerve on extremity to work on a specific area.
C-Section!!! is a regional anesthetic
77
What is the difference between local anesthetics and Regional anesthetics
If local anaesthetics are applied locally at the site of surgery this is called local anaesthesia.
If local aesthetics are applied close to nerves, but at a distance from the surgical site, this is called regional anaesthesia.
78
two subcategories of local anesthetics (not regional)
amides: Lidocane
Esters: Cocaine
79
What is the difference between Ester and Amides local anesthetics
Esters are associated with a higher incidence of allergic reactions, due to a p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) metabolite. Amide agents do not undergo such metabolism
80
What is Monitored Anesthesia Care (MAC)
Anesthesia provided but without the loss of conciousness. pt is aware and maintains airway, responds appropriately to verbal commands and physical stimulation but does not feel pain.
81
Define Laryngospasm
Laryngospasm is an uncontrolled or involuntary muscular contraction of the vocal folds.
82
Define Bronchial Intubation
the placement of the endotracheal tube (ETT) in either the left or right mainstem bronchus resulting in hyperinflation of the intubated lung and collapse (deflation) of the opposite lung.
83
Define Tracheal and esophageal perforation
holes in the trachea or esophagus.
This may occur during intubation if excessive force is applied or as complication of the use of a stylet or other stiff intubation devices.
84
Define Aspiration
This occurs when the pt regurgitates and stomach contents get into the lungs
85
What are some risks to the fowlers position during surgery
pressure on scapulae, sacrum, coccyx, ischium, back of knees, heels
air embolism if venous sinus is opened
shearing
DVT in lower extremities
Venous pooling that shifts toward lower body
86
What are some risks to the prone position during surgery
pressure to cheeks, eyes, ears, breast, genitalia, patellae and toes
falls and dislodgment of airway, monitoring cords, and IV lines
Diminished lung capacity
injury to shoulders, arms, and upper, extremity nerves
87
What are some risks to the jackknife position during surgery
same as prone position risks:
pressure to cheeks, eyes, ears, breast, genitalia, patellae and toes
falls and dislodgment of airway, monitoring cords, and IV lines
Diminished lung capacity
injury to shoulders, arms, and upper, extremity nerves
DVT in lower extremities
88
What are some risks to the lateral position during surgery
pressure to structures on dependent side : ear, shoulder, hip, greater femoral head, knee and ankle
risk of tilting and falling
brachial plexus injury
venous pooling that shifts toward dependent side
Diminished capacity of dependent lung
DVT in lower extremities
89
What are some risks to the lithotomy position during surgery
Hip dislocations, fractures, and muscle and nerve injuries
pressure injuries to feet, ankles, and knees
back strain
diminished lung capacity
venous pooling that shifts toward head
DVT in lower extremities
crushed fingers
90
What are some risks to the supine position during surgery
Pressure points
pressure to peripheral vessels and nerves, primarily brachial plexus and ulnar nerves
venous pooling in both legs
91
What are some risks to the trendelenburg position during surgery
same as supine risks
Pressure points
pressure to peripheral vessels and nerves, primarily brachial plexus and ulnar nerves
venous pooling in both legs
+ Diminished lung capacity
shift in venous pooling toward heels
sliding and shearing
92
What are some risks to the Reverse Trendelenburg position during surgery
Same as supine risks
Pressure points
pressure to peripheral vessels and nerves, primarily brachial plexus and ulnar nerves
venous pooling in both legs
+ DVT
sliding and shearing.
93
What is Postoperative care
immediately after surgery and until the first post op appointment
94
Where is the first place a person is transferred to after surgery
PACU - Post-anesthesia care unit.
95
What is the significance of monitoring INR lab values post op (and what is the normal range)
INR 0.9-1.1
INR determines how long it takes your body to form a clot
evaluates clotting abnormalities. monitoring patients for bleeding or complications associated.
96
What is the significance of monitoring PT/aPTT partial thromboplastin time post op? and what are the normal ranges of both?
PT: 10-13 seconds
aPTT: 25-35 seconds
A PT or prothrombin time test checks for different clotting factors than an activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT or PTT) test. Your provider may order both tests so they can check more clotting factors than they can with just one type of test.
evaluates clotting abnormalities. monitoring patients for bleeding or complications associated.
97
What are the three lab values post op the measure for clotting
list the normal ranges
INR (0.9-1.1)
PT (10-13 seconds)
aPTT (25-35 seconds)
98
What two lab values test renal function post op, what are their normal values.
BUN: 8-21
Creatinine: 0.5-1.2
99
What is the significance of monitoring renal labs post op (what two lab values are important)
BUN and Creatinine
Renal function may be decreased because of medications or dehydration from blood or fluid loss.
important to monitor for further complications.
100
Why is it important to monitor glucose post op, and what is the normal range. (non-diabetic pt.)
65-99 mg/dl Fasting glucose level.
Decreased glucose levels should be monitored if pt is hard to arouse or level of consciousness is low.
dangerously Increased glucose levels could indicate an infection and poor wound healing.
( keep in mind levels will be slightly elevated regardless due to stress of operation. )
101
What electrolytes are monitored post op.
What are the normal ranges of each (hint: there is two)
Serum potassium (K+) 3.5-5.5
Serum Sodium (Na+) 135-145
102
Why is it important to monitor electrolyte labs post op. (what are these 2 electrolytes and their normal ranges)
Values may be abnormal because of fluid loss, blood loss, over-hydration or dehydration.
important to monitor because this can throw off other values.
103
Why is it important to monitor WBC lab values (what is the normal range)
WBC : 4.5 - 10
An increase in WBC count could indicate the inflammatory response to surgery, or infection
(page 341)
104
Why is it important to monitor Hematocrit and Hemoglobin lab values post op. What are the normal values
Extra: if these values are LOW what lab values should the nurse check next. (hint: 3 values)
Hct:
females: 36-48%
males: 42-52%
Hbg:
females: 11.7-15.5
male: 14-17.3
low values may indicate excessive blood loss, next check INR, PT, and APTT!!! clotting factors.
105
What does PONV stand for and what does this mean
Post-operational Nausea and Vomiting.
important to monitor for because it can cause dehydration and electrolyte imbalances, wound dehiscence and increased duration of hospital stay.
106
What are the risk factors associated with PONV
Postop nausea and vomiting
- young
- nonsmoking female
- motion sickness
- general anesthesia
- neuro surgeries
- cholecystectomies.
107
How should a nurse manage someone with PONV (post op nausea and vomiting)
increase fluids
avoid opioids if possible
rate nausea on a scale of 0-10
multimodal pain management
Prophylactic therapy
108
Define Multimodal pain management?
the use of two or more drugs and/or interventions, NOT including systemic opioids to manage pain levels.
109
Define Prophylactic therapy
Combination of anti-enemic medications.
110
TRUE or FALSE Are ECG routine in PREop appointments
YES! routine in preop
optional in postop if any changes or complications occurred.
111
What is Phase 1 of Postop. care (list the three outcome goals)
Phase one: care provided immediately after anesthesia.
- involves recovery and awaking pt / stabilizing vitals
1. awake patient with stable airway
2.adequate. oxygen saturation
3. stable vital signs.
112
What is Phase 2 of Post op care (what are some considerations)
Nursing care involved in preparing pt to be discharged or transferred to another unit.
considerations
- improving functioning and alertness to surroundings off anesthesia.
- taking food by mouth.
113
What is Phase 3 of post op (is this routine?)
not routine - only occurs if there was a dely in phase two and pt was not able to be discharged or transferred.
involves extended care
114
List some examples of someone who would need Phase 3 care
hint 2 physical factors and 2 social factors
unable to be discharged because
physical
-PONV post operational nausea or vomiting
- bleeding or low clotting factors
social
- responsible parent not their to pick up...
- no availability in other unit.
115
What is a PCA pump?
Patient controlled analgesia pump: a pump controlled by ONLY the patient - gives concentrated amounts of pain medication when pressed.
also has a lock out period so the patient cannot overdose themselves.
116
What are some important nursing Actions post op
encouraging pt to cough or use incentive spirometer.
maintain IV fluids or PO fluid if ordered
change positions to prevent DVT and pressure injuries
monitor surgical site, labs, vitals and body systems.
Fall preventions
manage bowel and urine elimination
remove foley catheter when ordered.
page 350 for more information.
117
What are two big post op complications that could occur
Bleeding
respiratory depression
118
What are some respiratory complications that could occur post op
what can these complications lead to?
fluid in the lungs (pneumonia, atelectasis)
pulmonary embolus
can all lead to:
impaired gas exchange - hypoxemia - hypoxia
pg 348
119
define Atelectasis
a condition where part or all of a lung collapses, leading to a decrease in gas exchange
120
What lab values is associated with Warfarin and what is the normal range
INR (2-3)
121
If platelets are below 150,00 do you give or hold anticoagulant medications
HOLD
platlets determine clotting factors in the blood, if there are not enough platlets the body will not clot
you want to HOLD an anticoagulant medication because this is a blood thinner.
puts pt at even greater risk for bleeding out
122
If the platelets are above 450,00 do you give or hold anticoagulant medications?
GIVE
too many platelets means the body is clotting too much. you need a anticoagulant to thin this blood to prevent thromboemboletic events
123
What are your two Post op profalactic meds (profalactic means "to prevent")
Heparin
Enoxaparin (lovonox)
124
What does INR stand for, do, and what is the normal range
International normalized ratio
tests how long it takes the body to form a clot
(2-3 seconds)
125
What are some signs your pt is bleeding (lab values and neuro symptoms)
increased WBC
increased RR
increased HR
low platelets
low hmg. low hct
low BP
low INR
Altered mental status, dizzy
cool to the touch
hematoma
126
What is the very first thing you need to do when your pt comes back from surgery? (assessment)
Check the pt's airway!
127
What do you want to make sure as the nurse before you let your pt drink or have anything by mouth post op
test gag reflex to test their ability to swallow. preventing aspiration
128
What are the 5 W's when talking about post op complications
1. Wind
2. Water
3.Walking
4.Wonder drugs
5. Wound
129
What does WIND mean when thinking about post op complications (the 5 W's)
what is the nurses role / interventions to prevent these complications
Wind: hint for assessing airway and lung issues after surgery
labored or abnormal sounds, low perfusion, low O2, respiratory distress, altered mental status, pneumonia, atelectisis
NURSE: get pt up and moving if possible, incentive spirometer, medication.
130
Define Atelectisis
Alveoli from the lungs are collapsed- therefore they are not completing their job, oxygen and CO2 gas exchange.
131
TRUE or FALSE Can antibiotics cause a fever
YES - TRUE
132
As a post op nurse when do you monitor vitals in the...
-1st hour post op
- 2nd hr post op
-4th hr post op
- every 15 min (1st hr)
- every 30 min (2nd hr)
- every hour (4th hr)
133
TRUE or FALSE the first wound change post op is done by the surgeon who completed the surgery
TRUE
134
TRUE or FALSE ostomy bags can smell
TRUE
135
For a patient who has diverticulitis do they need to be educated to avoid laxatives? yes or no and why
YES - soft stool can get into herniated pockets - increases the risk for infections.
136
TRUE or FALSE NSAID's increase the risk of bleeding
TRUE
137
What is a CBC w/differential
CBC is a complete blood count - however with differential it is more in depth of what is shows in regards to all the different WBC
138
TRUE or FALSE CMP is the same as BMP
TRUE
139
What is the correct order when ordering the least invasive test first
- MRI
- Xray
- CT
what is the correct order and why!!
Xray - CT - MRI
MRI is the most invasive with the most radiation.
140
When talking about bowel obstruction: what bowel sounds would be indicated for a partial bowel obstruction (what sound would you expect to hear)
a high - pitched sound, stuff is getting through but it is partially blocked.
141
When talking about bowel obstruction, what are the two forms
partial bowel obstruction
complete bowel obstruction
142
What two medications are used for diverticulitis
Metronidazole
Ciproflaxin
143
Is Biscodyl (Ducolax) entericoated? what does this mean when educating your pt.
yes it is entericoated
pt should not crush, chew or break this tablet.
144
What diagnostic test is used to determine what kind of parasite or egg is in a bacteria
Parasite and ovum culture
145
What surgeries would you expect to see a JP drain
- masectomy
- knee surgeries
- hernias
- obstructions.
- costmetics
- plastic surgeries
146
What does PSA stand for and what does this Diagnostic study test for?
prostate specific antigen:
a protein, produced by the prostate, elevated levels of which may indicate the presence of cancer.
147
What is a Barium swallow and what do you want to monitor for?
Barium is used during a swallowing test to make certain areas of the body show up more clearly on an X-ray.
Barium is a medication or dye the lights up in xrays to reveal structures.
Cancer of the head and neck, pharynx, or esophagus.
148
What labs assess renal function?
creatinine
BUN
GFR
149
What is a sigmoidoscopy
same procedure as colonoscopy... but specifically for the sigmoid colon
150
Is Hematocrit considered 3x more % than hemoglobin or vis versa...?
HEMATOCRIT is 3x % more than hemoglobin.
Hct. ( 42-52 M) (36-48 F)
Hmg. (14-17 M) (12-15 F)
151
What complication is C.diff associated with?
1. Hyperkalemia
2. hypokalemia
3. Hypercalcemia
4. Hyponatremia
HYPOkalemia
- low potassium
152
What do you want to make sure you patient is educated on when taking Polyethelene glycol (Miralax)
its a laxative
take with 8 ox water or juice
153
What is a pylogram and what is it used for?
Intravenous pyelogram (IVP) is an x-ray exam that uses an injection of contrast material to evaluate your kidneys, ureters and bladder and help diagnose blood in the urine or pain in your side or lower back.
Kidney disease. Ureter or bladder stones.
154
What is a JP drain and what is it used for?
A Jackson-Pratt (JP) drain is a CLOSED surgical suction drain that gently draws fluid from a wound to help you recover after surgery
155
What is a Hemovac drain and what is it used for?
A Hemovac drain is placed UNDER your skin during surgery.
This drain removes any blood or other fluids that might build up in this area
156
What is a penrose drain and what is it used for?
A Penrose drain is a soft, flat, flexible tube made of latex. It lets blood and other fluids move out of the area of your surgery. This keeps fluid from collecting under your incision (surgical cut) and causing infection
157
What is a wound vac and what is it used for? what do you want to remember when putting this in.
VAC uses negative pressure (suction) to help bring the edges of your wound together. It also removes fluid and dead tissue from the wound area. And it can help tissue grow faster. A special covering is put over the wound.
158
What is a stool culture and sensitivity and what is it used for?
A stool culture is a test on a stool sample to find germs (such as bacteria or a fungus) that can cause an infection. A sample of stool is added to a substance that promotes the growth of germs. If no germs grow, the culture is negative.
159
What is a cystoscopy and what is it used for?
TEST TO SEE THE URINARY TRACT
a test that lets the healthcare provider view the urinary tract. This area includes the bladder, the urethra, and the openings to the ureters. Cystoscopy can help find problems with the urinary tract. This may include early signs of cancer, infection, narrowing, blockage, or bleeding.
160
What is a 24 hour urine tests what is it for?
and what is important to remember.
A 24-hour urine collection is a simple lab test that measures what's in your urine. The test is used to check kidney function.
how much creatinine clears through the kidneys.
measure protein, hormones, minerals
urine must be kept on ice.
161
What is WATER 5w's
What does this mean when assessing patients post op
What is the role of the nurse and what do you need to monitor for?
Fluids and Hydration! + blood loss
UTIs!! increased risk, altered mental status, UA/Cultre, increased WBC
IV - swelling of IV site, fluid overload, warmth, redness or irritation, infiltration.
nurse to preform proper infection control, hygiene and cleaning pt.
162
What is WALKING 5w's
What does this mean when assessing patients post op
what is the role of the nurse and what do you need to monitor
Monitoring for DVT!
- color, pain, heat
early ambulation to prevent blood clots and DVT , increase fluids!, ted hose or STDs, anticoagulant meds if appropriate and safe (and ordered)
163
What is WONDER DRUGS 5w's
What does this relate to when assessing patients post op
What is the nurses role?
Antibiotics and allergic reactions + blood products
always monitor if pt has any allergic reactions to medications - stop any meds and report to DR if symptoms occur
164
What is WOUND 5w's
what does this relate to when assessing patients post op
what is the nurses role?
Infection of the surgical site wound
- monitoring for smell
- increased WBC
- surgical incision coming apart.
- increasing drainage
165
Define atelectisis
alveoli in lungs are collapsed = no gas exchange
166
What does the suffix "Centesis" mean
Puncture
167
What does the suffix "Ectomy" mean
Removal
168
What does the suffix "lysis" mean
Destruction
169
What does "oscopy" mean
viewed with a scope
170
What does "ostomy" mean
Create an opening
171
What does "otomy" mean
Incision
172
What does "plasty" mean
to reshape or repair
173
Normal INR level for someone is IS on blood thinners
(2-3)
174
Normal INR level for someone who is NOT on blood thinners
0.8-1.1
