EXAM 1 Flashcards by Jenna Krausman

What are the 5 main seizure precautions to remember

Airways - suctioning equipment if needed
Safety- seizure pads
O2 - monitoring oxygen
Duration : document
vitals

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Define Cryptogenic seizures

unknown cause and random

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Define Epilepsy

Chronic seizure disorder - classified by 2 or more seizures within a 24 hour period.

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What is Glutamate

the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain.

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What is NMDA

Primary receptor to glutamate. opens ion and calcium channels to excite brain

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What is GABA - Gamma Aminobutyric acid

The main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, tells everything to calm down

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Define Automatisms

repetitive movements related to seizures onset or during - unconsciousness- such as lip smacking, chewing or swallowing.

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What is the Precital Phase to a seizure

The BEFORE - before a seizure happens, this time includes triggers, auras or descriptive symptoms as to what kind of seizure one may be having.

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What is the Postictal Phase to a seizure

Time after seizure lasting 5-30min in an altered state of consciousness. May need 1-2 days of recovery

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Define Todd’s Paralysis

the period post seizure where some people experience paralysis for up to 15 hrs.

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What two brain imaging can one get to diagnose seizure disorders

MRI
CT scan

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What does EEG stand for and what does it scan

Electroencephalogram
- monitors electrical signals in brain
-like heart monitor for brain

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What are two surgical procedure to help prevent seizures

Deep brain stimulation:
Electrodes placed in brain to regulate impulses.

Partial corpus callosotomy:
removing seizure causing tissue in brain (pediatrics)

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What is a ABSENCE seizure

person looses consciousness

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What is a Atonic seizure

persons muscles go limp or weak during seizure - no convulsions

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What is a Tonic seizure

Persons muscle tighten and stiffen during seizure

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What is a Tonic- Clonic seizure

A sequence of the bodies muscles stiffening and convulsing.

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Define Status Epilepticus

Seizures lasting longer than 5 min - MEDICAL EMERGENCY interventions needed asap

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What are the two most common seizure medications (Anticonvulsants)

Phenytoin (Dilatin)

Levetiracetam (keppra)

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What are the 4 hypertensive medications - explain each

Ace Inhibitors “pril”
ARBS “Sartan”
Beta - blockers “olol” “lol”
Calcium channel blockers

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What are Benzodiazepines - list suffix

“pam”
anti-anxiety medications

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What do anti-lipids do - list suffix

lower cholesterol
“statin”

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What are the 2 common Anti-depressive medications

Sertraline (Zolof)

Venlafaxine (Effexor)

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What is Lantanoprost (xalatan) and what does it do

ophthalmic glaucoma agent
lowers pressure build up in eyes.

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List 2 Antipsychotic medications (chemical restraints)

Haloperidol (Haldol) Lorazepam (Ativan)

List 3 OPIOID medications

Hydrocodone (Lortab) Morphine Duragesic patch

List 3 non-opioid medications

Acetylsalicylic Acid - ASA- Asprin Ibuprofen - Advil Acetaminophen - Tyllenol/Sudafed

define deconditioning

rapid loss of strength from being bed-bound. Common in older patients

What is a rubefacient?

topically applied substances that cause local dilation of blood vessels and reddening of the skin, producing local sensations of coolness and warmth that many people find soothing EX: Icy Hot

nystabmus

Rapid eye movement

define ataxia

loosing coordination

Describe the difference between: -hyperopia -myopia -presbyopia

Hyperopia: farsightedness Myopia: nearsightedness Presbyopia: normal part of aging where eye has difficulty focusing on objects

Define conjunctivitis

pink eye

define cataracts

clouding of lens in eye

define glaucoma

optic nerve damage leading to vision loss - due to pressure build up from fluids on the optic nerve (irreversible)

Macular degeneration

age related and is a disease that gradually destroys sharp, central vision

define Otitis media

inflammation in middle ear

define thalamus

relay center for sensory impulses to cerebral cortex

basal ganglia

regulates movement

hypothalamus

regulates HR and BP

tonic clonic seizures

convulsions and jerking

Absent seizures

spacing out

myoclonic seizures

brief, sharp muscle twitches

atonic seizures

limp body

automatisms seizure

what labs are needed for a pt with a seizure

EEG

MRI or CT is a good lab for a pt with a seizure bc it rules out...

external factors like cancer, which help diagnose what type of seizure they are having

List 2 seizure medications

phenytoin - dilatin leveteracitam - keppra.

Distinguish the difference between confusion, delerium and dimentia

confusion: state of not knowing what is going on delirium: altered mental status, more serious form of confusion, quick onset, reversible with reorientation. Dementia : irreversible, gradual onset, mental illness or condition. over time loosing memory and abilities to perform daily actions without help.

What are some causes (risk factors) to delirium?

Sleep deprivation surgery dehydration alcohol withdrawal pain medications infections

What are some causes (risk factors) to Dementia

family genetics head trauma medications age

What are two common depression medications, list classes or both, signs and symptoms and what to monitor for

Seteraline (zoloft) SSRI - balances serotonin in brain side: Diarrhea, nausea, dizzy, dry mouth severe: suicidal thoughts, hypoglycemia, arrhythmias, Erectile Dysfunction. DO NOT take with MAO inhibitors. Venlafaxine (Effexor) SNRI - balances serotonin and norepinephrine in brain. side: constipation, headache, dizzy, nausea Severe: Suicidal, seizures, bleeding, arrhythmia.

What is the difference between Generalized and partial seizures

generalized involves the full brain partial involves only sections (lobes)

What is a Tonic clonic seizure involve

Stiffness and convulsions

What does a myotonic seizure involve

twitching

What does a Atonic seizure involve

limpness, loss of motor control

What is the antidote for opioid medications

naloxone

What is Status epilepticus and what med is used for rescue

a seizure lasting longer than 5 min - MEDICAL EMERGENCY Lorazepam (Ativan) is used as IV push rescue.

What is the antidote for Lorazepam (ativan)

Flumazenil

describe a focal seizure

unilateral rhythmic muscle movements