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Patho > Exam 2 Patho > Flashcards

Exam 2 Patho Flashcards

1
Q

Motor Neurons (Efferent)

A

Carries signals AWAY from the brain and spinal cord to target the body to regulate activity.

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2
Q

Sensory Neurons (Afferent)

A

Carries impulses from receptors and the peripheral to the nervous system (brain and spine)

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3
Q

Interneurons

A

Most abundant neuron type.
-Provides connection between afferent and efferent neurons.

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4
Q

Two types of Nociceptive Pain

A

Somatic = Skin Joints, muscles, and bones
Visceral= Hollow Organs

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4
Q

Two types of Nociceptive Pain

A

Somatic = Skin Joints, muscles, and bones
Visceral= Hollow Organs

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5
Q

Neuropathic Pain aka
Neurogenic

A

Pain within the CNS

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6
Q

Nociceptive Pain is induced by

A

Inflammation or tissue injury.

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7
Q

nociceptive pain can be found in

A

skin, joints, muscles, bones, and other internal organs

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8
Q

Process of Nociception

A

transduction (stimuli), transmission (signal moves to CNS and back to site), modulation (slows release of neurotransmitters), and perception (response to pain)
box 12-1 page 293

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9
Q

Gate Control Pain Theory

A

a mechanism, in the spinal cord, in which pain signals can be sent up to the brain to be processed to accentuate the possible perceived pain, or attenuate it at the spinal cord itself. The ‘gate’ is the mechanism where pain signals can be let through or restricted.

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10
Q

Chronic Pain

A

Pain the lasts up to 3 months

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11
Q

Acute pain

A

Pain that happens suddenly.

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12
Q

Phantom Pain

A

Pain felt on limb that is not longer attached

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13
Q

Referred pain

A

pain felt in a different part of the body.

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14
Q

Decerebrate Posturing

A

Caused by damage to deeper brain structures, pons, and diencephalons.
This type of posturing usually means there has been severe damage to the brain.

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15
Q

Decorticate Posture

A

damage to both hemispheres of the cerebral cortex, specifically internal capsules.
- Better survival rates, usually affects one side of the body.

16
Q

Decerebrate Posture Photo

A

an abnormal body posture that involves the arms and legs being held straight out, the toes being pointed downward, and the head and neck being arched backward. The muscles are tightened and held rigidly.

17
Q

Decorticate Posture Photo

A

an abnormal posturing in which a person is stiff with bent arms, clenched fists, and legs held out straight.

18
Q

Central Nerve 1

A

Olfactory Nerve
-sense of smell

19
Q

Cranial Nerve 2

A

Optic Nerve
-Eyes

20
Q

Cranial Nerve 3

A

Ocular Motor
- Movement of the eyes

21
Q

Babinski Reflex

A

occurs after the sole of the foot has been firmly stroked. The big toe then moves upward or toward the top surface of the foot. The other toes fan out. This reflex is normal in children up to 2 years old. It disappears as the child gets older.
- Adults who still have it have some type of brain damage.

22
Q

Patho of Alzheimer’s

A

-senile plaques form in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex and impact memory and decision-making.
-characterized by an accumulation of abnormal neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Plaques are spherical microscopic lesions that have a core of extracellular amyloid beta-peptide surrounded by enlarged axonal

23
Q

Patho of Spina Bifida

A

caused by the maldevelopment of the ectodermal, mesodermal, and neuroectodermal tissues. The spina bifida is a congenital anomaly that arises from the incomplete development of the neural tube. It is commonly used as a nonspecific term referring to any degree of neural tube closure.

24
Q

Tool to assess patient’s LOC (level of consciousness)

A

Glasgow Coma Scale

25
Q

National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale

A

15 Step Assessment to determine severity of stroke

26
Q

Impact of hormones in PCOS

A

ovaries produce unusually high levels of hormones called androgens. This causes your reproductive hormones to become imbalanced. As a result, people with PCOS often have erratic menstrual cycles, missed periods and unpredictable ovulation
-Multiple immature ovarian follicles
-Decreased progesterone production
-Increased acyclic (constant) estrogen production
-Anovulation
-Hirsutism (abnormal growth of hair on face and body; Fig. 14.16)
-Acne
-Obesity from conversion of androgens to estrogen in adipose tissues
-Hypertension
-Diabetes
-Obstructive sleep apnea

27
Q

Signs of Delayed Puberty

A

Girls: Lack of any breast development by age 12. More than 5 years between initial breast growth and first menstrual period. Failure to menstruate by age 15.

Boys: Lack of testicular enlargement by age 14. Lack of pubic hair by age 15.

28
Q

Functions of ovaries

A

They produce and store your eggs (also called ovum) and make hormones that control your menstrual cycle and pregnancy. During ovulation, one of your ovaries releases an egg. If a sperm fertilizes this egg, you can become pregnant. Your ovaries continue to release an egg each menstrual cycle until you reach menopause

29
Q

Impact menopause has on skeletal health

A

Menopause significantly speeds bone loss and increases the risk of osteoporosis.

30
Q

Diagnosis of medical emergency for testicle ischemia

A

Testicular Ischemia= Lack of oxygenated blood to the testicle.
Cause by testicular Torsion= twisting of the spermatic cord which brings the blood to the scrotum.

31
Q

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

A

It most often occurs when sexually transmitted bacteria spread from your vagina to your uterus, fallopian tubes or ovaries

-Pain — ranging from mild to severe — in your lower abdomen and pelvis
-Unusual or heavy vaginal discharge that may have an unpleasant odor
-Unusual bleeding from the vagina, especially during or after sex, or between periods
-Pain during sex
-Fever, sometimes with chills
-Painful, frequent or difficult urination

32
Q

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

A

It most often occurs when sexually transmitted bacteria spread from your vagina to your uterus, fallopian tubes or ovaries

-Pain — ranging from mild to severe — in your lower abdomen and pelvis
-Unusual or heavy vaginal discharge that may have an unpleasant odor
-Unusual bleeding from the vagina, especially during or after sex, or between periods
-Pain during sex
-Fever, sometimes with chills
-Painful, frequent or difficult urination

33
Q

Hydrocele

A

a type of swelling in the scrotum that occurs when fluid collects in the thin sheath surrounding a testicle

-painless swelling of one or both testicles

34
Q

Dosage Calculations

A
35
Q

Temperature Conversion

A
36
Q

Dimensional Analysis part 1

A
37
Q

Dimensional Analysis part 2

A
38
Q

Dimensional Analysis part 3

A

Patho (3 decks)

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