Exam 2 Patho

Question 1

Motor Neurons (Efferent)

Answer 1

Carries signals AWAY from the brain and spinal cord to target the body to regulate activity.

Question 2

Sensory Neurons (Afferent)

Answer 2

Carries impulses from receptors and the peripheral to the nervous system (brain and spine)

Question 3

Interneurons

Answer 3

Most abundant neuron type.
-Provides connection between afferent and efferent neurons.

Question 4

Two types of Nociceptive Pain

Answer 4

Somatic = Skin Joints, muscles, and bones
Visceral= Hollow Organs

Question 4

Two types of Nociceptive Pain

Answer 4

Somatic = Skin Joints, muscles, and bones
Visceral= Hollow Organs

Question 5

Neuropathic Pain aka
Neurogenic

Answer 5

Pain within the CNS

Question 6

Nociceptive Pain is induced by

Answer 6

Inflammation or tissue injury.

Question 7

nociceptive pain can be found in

Answer 7

skin, joints, muscles, bones, and other internal organs

Question 8

Process of Nociception

Answer 8

transduction (stimuli), transmission (signal moves to CNS and back to site), modulation (slows release of neurotransmitters), and perception (response to pain)
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Question 9

Gate Control Pain Theory

Answer 9

a mechanism, in the spinal cord, in which pain signals can be sent up to the brain to be processed to accentuate the possible perceived pain, or attenuate it at the spinal cord itself. The ‘gate’ is the mechanism where pain signals can be let through or restricted.

Question 10

Chronic Pain

Answer 10

Pain the lasts up to 3 months

Question 11

Acute pain

Answer 11

Pain that happens suddenly.

Question 12

Phantom Pain

Answer 12

Pain felt on limb that is not longer attached

Question 13

Referred pain

Answer 13

pain felt in a different part of the body.

Question 14

Decerebrate Posturing

Answer 14

Caused by damage to deeper brain structures, pons, and diencephalons.
This type of posturing usually means there has been severe damage to the brain.

Question 15

Decorticate Posture

Answer 15

damage to both hemispheres of the cerebral cortex, specifically internal capsules.
- Better survival rates, usually affects one side of the body.

Question 16

Decerebrate Posture Photo

Answer 16

an abnormal body posture that involves the arms and legs being held straight out, the toes being pointed downward, and the head and neck being arched backward. The muscles are tightened and held rigidly.

Question 17

Decorticate Posture Photo

Answer 17

an abnormal posturing in which a person is stiff with bent arms, clenched fists, and legs held out straight.

Question 18

Central Nerve 1

Answer 18

Olfactory Nerve
-sense of smell

Question 19

Cranial Nerve 2

Answer 19

Optic Nerve
-Eyes

Question 20

Cranial Nerve 3

Answer 20

Ocular Motor
- Movement of the eyes

Question 21

Babinski Reflex

Answer 21

occurs after the sole of the foot has been firmly stroked. The big toe then moves upward or toward the top surface of the foot. The other toes fan out. This reflex is normal in children up to 2 years old. It disappears as the child gets older.
- Adults who still have it have some type of brain damage.

Question 22

Patho of Alzheimer’s

Answer 22

-senile plaques form in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex and impact memory and decision-making.
-characterized by an accumulation of abnormal neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Plaques are spherical microscopic lesions that have a core of extracellular amyloid beta-peptide surrounded by enlarged axonal

Question 23

Patho of Spina Bifida

Answer 23

caused by the maldevelopment of the ectodermal, mesodermal, and neuroectodermal tissues. The spina bifida is a congenital anomaly that arises from the incomplete development of the neural tube. It is commonly used as a nonspecific term referring to any degree of neural tube closure.

Question 24

Tool to assess patient's LOC (level of consciousness)

Answer 24

Glasgow Coma Scale

Question 25

National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale

Answer 25

15 Step Assessment to determine severity of stroke

Question 26

Impact of hormones in PCOS

Answer 26

ovaries produce unusually high levels of hormones called androgens. This causes your reproductive hormones to become imbalanced. As a result, people with PCOS often have erratic menstrual cycles, missed periods and unpredictable ovulation -Multiple immature ovarian follicles -Decreased progesterone production -Increased acyclic (constant) estrogen production -Anovulation -Hirsutism (abnormal growth of hair on face and body; Fig. 14.16) -Acne -Obesity from conversion of androgens to estrogen in adipose tissues -Hypertension -Diabetes -Obstructive sleep apnea

Question 27

Signs of Delayed Puberty

Answer 27

Girls: Lack of any breast development by age 12. More than 5 years between initial breast growth and first menstrual period. Failure to menstruate by age 15. Boys: Lack of testicular enlargement by age 14. Lack of pubic hair by age 15.

Question 28

Functions of ovaries

Answer 28

They produce and store your eggs (also called ovum) and make hormones that control your menstrual cycle and pregnancy. During ovulation, one of your ovaries releases an egg. If a sperm fertilizes this egg, you can become pregnant. Your ovaries continue to release an egg each menstrual cycle until you reach menopause

Question 29

Impact menopause has on skeletal health

Answer 29

Menopause significantly speeds bone loss and increases the risk of osteoporosis.

Question 30

Diagnosis of medical emergency for testicle ischemia

Answer 30

Testicular Ischemia= Lack of oxygenated blood to the testicle. Cause by testicular Torsion= twisting of the spermatic cord which brings the blood to the scrotum.

Question 31

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

Answer 31

It most often occurs when sexually transmitted bacteria spread from your vagina to your uterus, fallopian tubes or ovaries -Pain — ranging from mild to severe — in your lower abdomen and pelvis -Unusual or heavy vaginal discharge that may have an unpleasant odor -Unusual bleeding from the vagina, especially during or after sex, or between periods -Pain during sex -Fever, sometimes with chills -Painful, frequent or difficult urination

Question 32

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

Answer 32

It most often occurs when sexually transmitted bacteria spread from your vagina to your uterus, fallopian tubes or ovaries -Pain — ranging from mild to severe — in your lower abdomen and pelvis -Unusual or heavy vaginal discharge that may have an unpleasant odor -Unusual bleeding from the vagina, especially during or after sex, or between periods -Pain during sex -Fever, sometimes with chills -Painful, frequent or difficult urination

Question 33

Hydrocele

Answer 33

a type of swelling in the scrotum that occurs when fluid collects in the thin sheath surrounding a testicle -painless swelling of one or both testicles

Question 34

Dosage Calculations

Answer 34

Question 35

Temperature Conversion

Answer 35

Question 36

Dimensional Analysis part 1

Answer 36

Question 37

Dimensional Analysis part 2

Answer 37

Question 38

Dimensional Analysis part 3

Answer 38