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Bio 1220 > Exam 2 (part 1) > Flashcards

Exam 2 (part 1) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

All cells have…

A

Proteins

Nucleic acids

Carbs

Plasma membranes

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2
Q

Ribosome structure and function

A

Made of rna and protein

Used for protein synthesis

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3
Q

Energy

A

Ability to do work or supply heat

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4
Q

Potential energy is related to

A

Position of shared electrons in covalent bonds

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5
Q

Chemical energy

A

Molecules potential to form stronger bonds

A type of potential energy

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6
Q

Thermal energy is

Don’t say heat

A

Kinetic energy of molecular motion

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7
Q

Temperature is a measure of…

A

Thermal energy in a molecule

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8
Q

Heat is a measure of

A

Thermal energy being transferred between two objects

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9
Q

Two factors that determine spontaneity of a reaction…

A

Entropy

Hi to lo potential energy

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10
Q

Reactions proceed in the direction that results in…

A

Lower PE

And Increased disorder

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11
Q

A nucleic acid is —— of nucleotide ——

A

Polymer

Monomer

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12
Q

Nucleotide components

A

Phosphate group

Five carbon sugar (pentose)

A nitrogenous base

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13
Q

Monomers of rna

A

Ribonucleotides

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14
Q

Monomer of DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleotides

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15
Q

Difference between DNA and rna

A

DNA is more stable

Rna can replicate itself

DNA has h on carbon 2’ and rna has oh on carbon 2’

(Both have oh on carbon 3’)

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16
Q

Two groups of nitrogenous bases

A

Purines and pyrmidines

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17
Q

Purines

A

Adenine

Guanine

(Two rings)

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18
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Cytosine

Thymine

Uracil

(One ring)

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19
Q

Nucleotides polymerize to form—— via ——– reactions

A

Nucleic acids

Condensation reactions

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20
Q

Nucleotides are bonded together via ——– bond via carbon - –and - —

A

Phosphodiester bond

3’ oh group - 5’ phosphate group

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21
Q

Phosphodiester linkages form a ——— backbone

A

Sugar - phosphate backbone

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22
Q

New nucleotides are added to nucleic acids from —– to —–

A

5’ (phosphate) to 3’ (oh) end

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23
Q

Polymerization requires —— that comes from——

A

Energy catalyzed by enzymes

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24
Q

ATP is an example of

Don’t say energy source

A

Activated (adenine) nucleotide

Aka nucleotide with three phosphate groups

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25
Q

Antiparallel means

A

One strand runs 5’ to 3’ and the other runs 3’ to 5’

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26
Q

DNA has a hydro—- inside and hydro—– outside

A

Phobic inside

Phillic outside (phosphate)

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27
Q

Primary, secondary and tertiary DNA structure

A

1 - sequence of nucleotides
2 - double stranded
3 - histone hair clips hold DNA together in chromosomes

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28
Q

Compact DNA leads to…

A

Discrete units for cell division

Helps DNA fit in nucleus

Contribute to its function (replication?)

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29
Q

DNA needs — to replicate

A

Enzymes

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30
Q

Hairpin structure

A

Secondary structure of rna aka stem and loop structure wehere DNA folds on itself to pair (one strand)

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31
Q

Rna tertiary structure

A

Forms when rna secondary structure folds on itself to form more complex shape

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32
Q

Ribozymes

A

Rna that functions as an enzyme by catalyze for phosphodiester bonds aka polymerization

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33
Q

saccharide

A

aka carbohydrate

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34
Q

monosaccharide

A

simple sugar

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35
Q

examples of moosacharides

A

fructose, glucose

36
Q

polysaccharide examples (5)

A

glycogen starch peptidoglycan chitin and cellulose

37
Q

sugar functions (in detail)

A

cell structure (fibrous material), energy storage (chemical energy), cell identity (precursor for large molecules like nucleotides or amino acids)

38
Q

carbs are hydro-

A

philic

39
Q

monosacharide structural differences

A
  • location of carbonyl group (aldose ketose)
  • # of carbons
  • spatial arangement of atoms
  • linear and alternative ring forms
40
Q

lactose is made of

A

galactose (oh facing up) and glucose (oh facing down)

41
Q

molecular formula for a sugar

A

ch2o

42
Q

aldose vs ketose

A 
aldose = carbonyl at end of carbon chain
ketose = carbonyl group in middle of chain
43
Q

a or b-1,4 linkage is stronger and why

A

b-1,4 bcuz hydrogen bonding potential

44
Q

maltose is made of

A

glucose and glucose

45
Q

carb. bond name

A

glycosidic linkage (covalent bond)

46
Q

glycosidic linkage is a _____ rxn

A

condensation

47
Q

fiber functions

A

prevents constipation and helps you feel full

48
Q

carb cell identity types

A

glycoprotein and glycolipids, display info on outside of cell

49
Q

cell identity allows cells to….

A

self identification (cell cell recognition) and cell-cell signaling (communiction between cells)

50
Q

______ and ______ hydrolyze polysaccharides to release glucose

A

(enzymes) (animal cells)phosphorylase in glycogen and amylase in starch digestion

51
Q

what polysaccharides are easily hydrolyzed? why?

A

dtarch and glycogen becuz a 1,4 linkage easier to breakdown

52
Q

energy is stored in glucose to make… via what process….

A

atp, cell respiration

53
Q

chitin and peptidoglycan structure commonality

A

amino group attached

54
Q

sucrose

A

glucose and fructose

55
Q

three most common lipids in cells

A

fats (triglycerides) steriods and phospholipids

56
Q

triglyceride is composed of

A

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

57
Q

fatty acid is bonded to glycerol via _____ with a _____ rxn

A

carboxyl group, dehydration

58
Q

primary role of fats is…

A

energy storage

59
Q

saturated fats at room temp vs unsatur. fats at room temp

A

sat = solid, unsat = liquid

60
Q

unsaturated fats prevent =

A

heart disease

61
Q

trans fats are

A

hydrogenated (more solid) oils , not found in nature, bad for you

62
Q

cis vs trans fat

A

cis has a kink trans doesn’t

63
Q

steriods structure, examples

A

four ring structure lipid, ex: hormones and cholesterol

64
Q

steriods differ from one another by their….. cholesterol for example has…..

A

functional groups attached to carbon rings

cholesterol: polar hydroxyl group and isoprenoid chain attached to rings

65
Q

head of phospholipid

A

head: phosphate and glycerol

66
Q

amphipathic

A

both hydrohphilic (head) and hydrophobic (tail)

67
Q

micelle has ___ outside and ___ facing inside

A

head, tail

68
Q

factors of membrane permeability

A
  • temperatrue
  • cholesterol amount
  • tail length
  • # of double bonds
  • # of proteins
69
Q

Tonicity

A

is relative to amount of solute that can NOT cross the membrane in solvent

70
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

proteins go through the mebrane and molecules pass through (not sandwich on top and bottom)

71
Q

cell membrane composed of…

A

phos.lipid, glycoprotein, glycolipid, protein, cholesterol

72
Q

integral, transmembrane and peripheral membrane proteins

A

integral and tans - go through membrane , peripheral - bind to outside or inside of the membrane

73
Q

types of membrane proteins

A

channels(tunnels), carriers = passive

pumps = active

74
Q

aquaporins

A

channel that allows water to easily move through membrane

75
Q

gated channels do? used for?

A

proteins that open or close in response to a signal, carefully controlled ion flow

76
Q

how does sodium - potasssium pump work?

A

atp attach on outside of pump (phosphorylation) , lets 3 sodium in, pump changes shape, 3 sodium leave and 2 potassium in, pump change shape, potassium goes in and phosphate detaches (dephosphorylation) from the outside of the pump (and repeat)

77
Q

membrane has ___ charged outside and _____ charged inside, when charge is reversed ______

A

positive, negative, gated channels open to outside and allows only k+ to pass

78
Q

gated channels are found more commonly in _____ cells ,ex_______

A

nerve, sodium potassium pump

79
Q

carrier proteins work by _________ and used to transport ______

A

facilitated diffusion through a protein via protein shape change, large molecules like glucose

80
Q

sodium potassium pump primary function?

A

keeping negative inside and positive outside

81
Q

sodium gets in cell through? and can bring?

A

channel proteins, can bring glucose via piggyback if concent. gradient permits it

82
Q

secondary active transport

A

uses cotransporter to move ex. sodium into cell (with concentr. gradient) and that releases energy (from electrochemical gradient) to move glucose into cell (piggyback with sodium)

83
Q

benefits of organelles

A
  • efficiency

- prevent side reactions

84
Q

pro and euk cell main differences

A

size
nucleus
more organized via organelles

85
Q

_____ synthesized in nucleus

A

mRNA(carries message to synthesize ribosomes) and rRNA(binds proteins to for ribosome)

86
Q

protein needed in nucleus…

ex:

A

made in cytoplasm and transported into nucleus

  • copy dna
  • protein for ribosome
  • synthesize rna

Bio 1220 (2 decks)

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