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Bio 1220 > Exam 2 (part 1) > Flashcards

Exam 2 (part 1) Flashcards

1
Q

All cells have…

A

Proteins

Nucleic acids

Carbs

Plasma membranes

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2
Q

Ribosome structure and function

A

Made of rna and protein

Used for protein synthesis

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3
Q

Energy

A

Ability to do work or supply heat

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4
Q

Potential energy is related to

A

Position of shared electrons in covalent bonds

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5
Q

Chemical energy

A

Molecules potential to form stronger bonds

A type of potential energy

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6
Q

Thermal energy is

Don’t say heat

A

Kinetic energy of molecular motion

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7
Q

Temperature is a measure of…

A

Thermal energy in a molecule

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8
Q

Heat is a measure of

A

Thermal energy being transferred between two objects

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9
Q

Two factors that determine spontaneity of a reaction…

A

Entropy

Hi to lo potential energy

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10
Q

Reactions proceed in the direction that results in…

A

Lower PE

And Increased disorder

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11
Q

A nucleic acid is —— of nucleotide ——

A

Polymer

Monomer

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12
Q

Nucleotide components

A

Phosphate group

Five carbon sugar (pentose)

A nitrogenous base

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13
Q

Monomers of rna

A

Ribonucleotides

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14
Q

Monomer of DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleotides

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15
Q

Difference between DNA and rna

A

DNA is more stable

Rna can replicate itself

DNA has h on carbon 2’ and rna has oh on carbon 2’

(Both have oh on carbon 3’)

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16
Q

Two groups of nitrogenous bases

A

Purines and pyrmidines

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17
Q

Purines

A

Adenine

Guanine

(Two rings)

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18
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Cytosine

Thymine

Uracil

(One ring)

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19
Q

Nucleotides polymerize to form—— via ——– reactions

A

Nucleic acids

Condensation reactions

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20
Q

Nucleotides are bonded together via ——– bond via carbon - –and - —

A

Phosphodiester bond

3’ oh group - 5’ phosphate group

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21
Q

Phosphodiester linkages form a ——— backbone

A

Sugar - phosphate backbone

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22
Q

New nucleotides are added to nucleic acids from —– to —–

A

5’ (phosphate) to 3’ (oh) end

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23
Q

Polymerization requires —— that comes from——

A

Energy catalyzed by enzymes

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24
Q

ATP is an example of

Don’t say energy source

A

Activated (adenine) nucleotide

Aka nucleotide with three phosphate groups

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25
Antiparallel means
One strand runs 5' to 3' and the other runs 3' to 5'
26
DNA has a hydro---- inside and hydro----- outside
Phobic inside Phillic outside (phosphate)
27
Primary, secondary and tertiary DNA structure
1 - sequence of nucleotides 2 - double stranded 3 - histone hair clips hold DNA together in chromosomes
28
Compact DNA leads to...
Discrete units for cell division Helps DNA fit in nucleus Contribute to its function (replication?)
29
DNA needs --- to replicate
Enzymes
30
Hairpin structure
Secondary structure of rna aka stem and loop structure wehere DNA folds on itself to pair (one strand)
31
Rna tertiary structure
Forms when rna secondary structure folds on itself to form more complex shape
32
Ribozymes
Rna that functions as an enzyme by catalyze for phosphodiester bonds aka polymerization
33
saccharide
aka carbohydrate
34
monosaccharide
simple sugar
35
examples of moosacharides
fructose, glucose
36
polysaccharide examples (5)
glycogen starch peptidoglycan chitin and cellulose
37
sugar functions (in detail)
cell structure (fibrous material), energy storage (chemical energy), cell identity (precursor for large molecules like nucleotides or amino acids)
38
carbs are hydro-
philic
39
monosacharide structural differences
- location of carbonyl group (aldose ketose) - # of carbons - spatial arangement of atoms - linear and alternative ring forms
40
lactose is made of
galactose (oh facing up) and glucose (oh facing down)
41
molecular formula for a sugar
ch2o
42
aldose vs ketose
``` aldose = carbonyl at end of carbon chain ketose = carbonyl group in middle of chain ```
43
a or b-1,4 linkage is stronger and why
b-1,4 bcuz hydrogen bonding potential
44
maltose is made of
glucose and glucose
45
carb. bond name
glycosidic linkage (covalent bond)
46
glycosidic linkage is a _____ rxn
condensation
47
fiber functions
prevents constipation and helps you feel full
48
carb cell identity types
glycoprotein and glycolipids, display info on outside of cell
49
cell identity allows cells to....
self identification (cell cell recognition) and cell-cell signaling (communiction between cells)
50
______ and ______ hydrolyze polysaccharides to release glucose
(enzymes) (animal cells)phosphorylase in glycogen and amylase in starch digestion
51
what polysaccharides are easily hydrolyzed? why?
dtarch and glycogen becuz a 1,4 linkage easier to breakdown
52
energy is stored in glucose to make... via what process....
atp, cell respiration
53
chitin and peptidoglycan structure commonality
amino group attached
54
sucrose
glucose and fructose
55
three most common lipids in cells
fats (triglycerides) steriods and phospholipids
56
triglyceride is composed of
1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
57
fatty acid is bonded to glycerol via _____ with a _____ rxn
carboxyl group, dehydration
58
primary role of fats is...
energy storage
59
saturated fats at room temp vs unsatur. fats at room temp
sat = solid, unsat = liquid
60
unsaturated fats prevent =
heart disease
61
trans fats are
hydrogenated (more solid) oils , not found in nature, bad for you
62
cis vs trans fat
cis has a kink trans doesn't
63
steriods structure, examples
four ring structure lipid, ex: hormones and cholesterol
64
steriods differ from one another by their..... cholesterol for example has.....
functional groups attached to carbon rings cholesterol: polar hydroxyl group and isoprenoid chain attached to rings
65
head of phospholipid
head: phosphate and glycerol
66
amphipathic
both hydrohphilic (head) and hydrophobic (tail)
67
micelle has ___ outside and ___ facing inside
head, tail
68
factors of membrane permeability
- temperatrue - cholesterol amount - tail length - # of double bonds - # of proteins
69
Tonicity
is relative to amount of solute that can NOT cross the membrane in solvent
70
fluid mosaic model
proteins go through the mebrane and molecules pass through (not sandwich on top and bottom)
71
cell membrane composed of...
phos.lipid, glycoprotein, glycolipid, protein, cholesterol
72
integral, transmembrane and peripheral membrane proteins
integral and tans - go through membrane , peripheral - bind to outside or inside of the membrane
73
types of membrane proteins
channels(tunnels), carriers = passive pumps = active
74
aquaporins
channel that allows water to easily move through membrane
75
gated channels do? used for?
proteins that open or close in response to a signal, carefully controlled ion flow
76
how does sodium - potasssium pump work?
atp attach on outside of pump (phosphorylation) , lets 3 sodium in, pump changes shape, 3 sodium leave and 2 potassium in, pump change shape, potassium goes in and phosphate detaches (dephosphorylation) from the outside of the pump (and repeat)
77
membrane has ___ charged outside and _____ charged inside, when charge is reversed ______
positive, negative, gated channels open to outside and allows only k+ to pass
78
gated channels are found more commonly in _____ cells ,ex_______
nerve, sodium potassium pump
79
carrier proteins work by _________ and used to transport ______
facilitated diffusion through a protein via protein shape change, large molecules like glucose
80
sodium potassium pump primary function?
keeping negative inside and positive outside
81
sodium gets in cell through? and can bring?
channel proteins, can bring glucose via piggyback if concent. gradient permits it
82
secondary active transport
uses cotransporter to move ex. sodium into cell (with concentr. gradient) and that releases energy (from electrochemical gradient) to move glucose into cell (piggyback with sodium)
83
benefits of organelles
- efficiency | - prevent side reactions
84
pro and euk cell main differences
size nucleus more organized via organelles
85
_____ synthesized in nucleus
mRNA(carries message to synthesize ribosomes) and rRNA(binds proteins to for ribosome)
86
protein needed in nucleus... | ex:
made in cytoplasm and transported into nucleus - copy dna - protein for ribosome - synthesize rna

Bio 1220 (2 decks)

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