exam 2 outline 5 kingdom monera

Question 1

bacteria
eukaryotic or prokaryotic
simple complex structural system
true or false
-has a nucleus
-no membrane enclosed organells
- DNA circular not linear
- has no mitosis or meiosis
reproduction is mostly sexual by binary fission
how is a ring of DNA replicated

Answer 1

• prokaryotes are bacteria
• structurally very simple (morphological features)
• metabolically complex (chemical reaction inside cells)
  1) no nucleus
  2) no membrane enclosed organelles
  3) DNA is circular not linear
  4) no mitosis or meiosis
  
  • cells are not distinguished by haploid or diploid
    5) reproduction is mostly asexual by binary fission
  • ring of DNA is replicated than cell pinches in two

Question 2

Cocci=

Answer 2

spherical or round

Question 3

Bacilli=

Answer 3

rod

Question 4

Spirilla =

Answer 4

spiral, comma, cork-skrew

Question 5

-Gram stain

Answer 5

• developed in 1884
• different types of cell walls will stain differently depending on there structure
• gram positive purple
• gram negative pink/red

Question 6

what is the capsule

Answer 6

capsule is the sticky layer of polysaccharide or protein that surrounds the cell wall of many prokaryotes

- allows prokaryotes to adhere to their substrate or other individuals in a colony
- also protects from dehydration

Question 7

what does a Endospore do?

what does a endospore produce?

Answer 7

• some bacteria have the ability to produce an endospore
  -protects copy of the chromosomes that are in the middle or the end of the cell
  -survival structure
  -can resist extreme heat
  -can resist drying out or dehydration
  -acids
  -many chemicals
  -can survive for decades centuries
  Produces new identical cell (when conditions are right)
  Example clostridium botulinum
  -endospores produces deadly toxins
  -Botox

Question 8

what is a Frimbriae

Answer 8

Hair like appendage that some prokaryotes use to stick to their substrate or one another

Question 9

nitrogen metabolism

Answer 9

1)complex nitrogen requiring organisms
-most prokaryotes and all eukaryotes require nitrogen in a form other than gas in the atmosphere
2) nitrogen-fixing bacteria
-Atmospheric nitrogen gas can be converted into ammonium(useable form of nitrogen) only by certain member of monera
-called nitrogen fixing
Example: Nostoc (cyanobacteria)
ooo0ooo photosynthetic small heterocyte nitrogenic

Question 10

oxygen metabolism aerobic vs anerobic

Answer 10

Aerobic need oxygen to grow

Anaerobic poisend by oxygen

Question 11

eubacteria(Eu=True) general charecteristics

Answer 11

• cell walls composed of peptidoglycan; rather than cellulose or chitin found in eukaryotic cell walls
• some are photosynthetic and with this they use bacteriochlorophyll (does not produce oxygen)

Question 12

cyanobacteria (cyano blue-green)

features of cyanobacteria

Answer 12

Features of cyanobacteria

• typical eubacterial cell walls
• cells are much larger than eubacteria
• all species are photosynthetic using chlorophyll A ; producing oxygen in the process
• possess phycobilin’s, photosynthetic accessory pigment producing bluish color

Question 13

three major differences between archea and other bacteria

Answer 13

structure wide range of cell wall types
habitat high heat and high salt
bacteriorhodopsin (photosynthesis) that doesnt produce oxygen

Question 14

three main types of archea

Answer 14

methaneogens
extreme paleophiles
extreme thermophiles

Question 15

methaneogens

Answer 15

produce methane gas

• all obligate anaerobes
• 30% of atmospheric methane comes from methanogens in animals called ruminants(cow)
• important decomposers at sewage treatment plants

Question 16

extreme paleophiles general characteristics

Answer 16

salt loving archeobacteria

• obligate aerobes
  
  • able to live in salt concentrations far above any other organism
    
    • thrive in salt water that is 15 to 20 percent salt (sea water is 3 %)
  • and almost all can survive in saturated salt solutions of 32%

Question 17

extreme thermophiles thrive in heat true or false
are obligate anaerobes true or false
found in acidic and hot environments

Answer 17

thrive in the heat
Most are obligate anaerobes
AKA: Thermoacidophiles
In environments both hot and acidic
Found most commonly in hot springs(temps arounf 80 degree cecious) and have a ph around 2 (very acidic)
-examples yellow stone national park and deep ocean near volcanic vents
105 degree celcious

Question 18

are all nutritional bacterial realationships bad

Answer 18

no

Question 19

3 types of symbyosis

Answer 19

Mutualism vs. Commensalism vs. Parasitism

Question 20

mutualism

Answer 20

both organisms benefit

Question 21

commensalism

Answer 21

one organism benefits without harming the other

Question 22

parasitism

Answer 22

One species benefits while they harm the other

- disease producers or pathogens
- make up less than 10 % of all bacteria

Question 23

decomposer

Answer 23

• vast majority of bacteria are saprobes
• decompose the organic molecules of dead organisms
• provide a essential link in the cycle of nature

Question 24

when do colonies of capsules form

Answer 24

Colony forms when a single eubacterial cell lands on an appropriate growing medium and grows by binary fission into a macroscopic colony of cells

Question 25

what is a faculative species

Answer 25

Facultative species can tolerate either condition (can grow in any amount of oxygen)