EXAM 2 - OBESITY, CARBS, FIBER

Question 1

brown adipose tissue (BAT)

Answer 1

• highly metabolically active fat tissue that is made to keep us warm in very cold conditions
• can be detected as hot spots of glucose uptake
• dissipates energy as heat via “nonshivering” thermogenesis
• have high amounts of mitochondria & production of UCP1

Question 2

What are the 2 major threats to which our bodies have had to adapt throughout evolution?

Answer 2

1. limited food supply (famine)
2. cold temperatures

Question 3

To what does adipose tissue respond?

Answer 3

1. nutrient supply
2. ambient temperature

Question 4

thermoneutrality

Answer 4

meaning that energy is not required to produce heat to keep warm

Question 5

UCP1

Answer 5

the biomarker for brown adipose tissue

Question 6

relationship b/w temp. and BAT

Answer 6

cold exposure -> increases BAT activity

Question 7

white adipose tissue

Question 8

How is BAT different from white adipose tissue?

Question 9

homeostatic regulation of energy balance

Question 10

leptin

Answer 10

anorexigenic hormone that is proportional to the presence of body fat; INHIBITS food intake; produced by WAT

Question 11

ghrelin

Answer 11

• orexigenic hormone made in enteroendocrine cells of the stomach
• stimulates anabolic, orexigenic (hunger) pathways
• levels of this increase w/ fasting and dieting and decrease rapidly after a meal

Question 12

PYY

Answer 12

• “peptide Y”
• produced in enteroendocrine cells of ileum & colon (large intestine)
• INHIBITS hunger pathways (anorexigenic)
• release begins 15 minutes after eating
• release PEAKS 1-2 hours later

Question 13

amylin

Answer 13

• hormone made by the beta cells of the pancreas
• decreases food intake
• synthetic forms of this hormone are used as treatment for T2DM

Question 14

GLP-1

Answer 14

• glucose-like-peptide-1
• secreted by small intestine w/ a meal
• increases insulin secretion and glucose uptake
• INHIBITS glucagon secretion & slows gastric emptying, which DECREASES appetite

Question 15

“Thrifty Gene” Hypothesis

Answer 15

theory stating that genes evolved for cycles of “feast/famine”, so we have evolved to be efficient at storing & utilizing body fat stores b/c that’s what our body does instinctually to survive

Question 16

What do we know about the construct of food addiction?

Question 17

What is known about circadian disruption and risk of obesity & chronic disease?

Question 18

What are the potential therapeutic applications for all of the above?