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Psychopathology and Mental Health > Exam 2 - Mood Disorders (Depression) > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Mood Disorders (Depression) Flashcards

1
Q

Mood Disorders

A

Depression & Bipolar Disorders

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2
Q

Depressive Disorders

A
  1. Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
  2. Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD)
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3
Q

Components of Depression

A

Emotional

Cognitive

Somatic

Behavioral

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4
Q

Components of Depression: Emotional

A
  • Sad mood
  • Anhedonia: loss of interest or pleasure in usual activity
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5
Q

Anhedonia

A

The loss of interest or pleasure in usual activity

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6
Q

Components of Depression: Cognitive

A
  • Trouble concentrating
  • Trouble making decisions
  • Thoughts of death/hopelessness
  • Guilt
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7
Q

Components of Depression: Somatic

A
  • Fatigue/ heavy feeling
  • Changes in appetite (not eating, or excessive eating)
  • Changes in sleep
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8
Q

Components of Depression: Behavioral

A

Psychomotor Retardation:

  • Very slow movement or talking or processing (seen less in out-patient, more in in-patient)

Psychomotor Agitation:

  • Increased movement or mental activity
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9
Q

Major Depressive Disorder:

DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria

A
  • 5+ symptoms present for at least 2 weeks:
    • Must Include: Sad Mood and/or Anhedonia)
  • Symptoms affect most of the day almost every day
    • 2+ weeks
  • Symptoms cause significant impairment/ distress (in daily life)
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10
Q

Persistent Depressive Disorder:

DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria

A

Old name: Dysthymia

** PPD = Chronic condition**

Diagnostic Criteria:

  • Depressed mood more days than not for 2+ years
  • Additional 2+ other symptoms

Does not qualify if there a break in symptoms is 2+ months

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11
Q

Depression:

Course and frequency

A

Average Onset Age: early 30s

  • (decreased over last 50 years)

Course: ~50% recover within 6 months

COVID: depression rates rose dramatically among children/teens

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12
Q

Depression:

Prevalence (+ Disability Rates)

A

Prevalence:

  • ~16–20% of population experiences depression
  • women = 2x more likely be diagnosed w depression
    • differences in gender rates peak during adolescence)

Disability Rates:

  • Depression =10% of disability worldwide
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13
Q

Depression:

Etiology (causes)

A

Social Factors:

  • stressful life events

Psychological Factors:

  • Cognitive theories (ie: The Attribution Theory)

Biological Factors:

  • Heritability + Role of Neurotransmitters
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14
Q

Depression - Etiology (causes)

Social Factors

A

Stressful life events (ie: poverty)
predict Depressive Disorders

  • 42-67% of people report a stressful life event in year prior to depression diagnosis:
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15
Q

Depression: Etiology (causes)

Psychological Factors
(Attributions Theory)

A

Attributions Theory: depression can be caused or worsened by how people explain negative events and how they either attribute outcomes to internal or external causes.

Attribution Style:

  1. Internal, Stable, Global (Higher Depression Risk)
    • Internal: I failed bc I’m not smart enough
    • Stable: I’m not going to be able to keep a job or do well in school
    • Global: I’ll fail at everything I do in the future
  2. External, Unstable, Specific (Lower Depression Risk)
    • External: This was beyond my control
    • Unstable: This job was just too demanding for me right now
    • Specific: My next job will be a better fit for me
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16
Q

Depression - Etiology (causes)

Biological Factors
heritability + brain (Neurotransmitters)

A

Heritability: ~50%

Neurotransmitters:

  • Involved: Serotonin, Dopamine, Norepinephrine, and GABA
    • Variety of symptoms suggest involvement of different neurotransmitters
  • Serotonin = Leading Theory
    • low levels of serotonin cause depression
    • Research = Mixed (serotonin: likely not the only cause, but a reaction)
17
Q

Depression - Etiology (Causes)

Cognitive Theories of Depression

A

Cognitive Theory: The way we think about events influences how react to them.

  • Automatic Negative Thoughts (about self & environment) play a central role in the development and duration of depression
18
Q

Depression:

Relevant Brain Structures

A

Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex

Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex

Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Amygdala

19
Q

Depression - Relevant Brain Structures:

Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex

A

Function: Planning and executive functioning

Pattern: Decreased activity in some studies

20
Q

Depression - Relevant Brain Structures:

Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex

A

Function: Regulating emotion

Pattern: Increased activity in some studies

21
Q

Depression - Relevant Brain Structures:

Anterior Cingulate Cortex

A

Function: motivation, emotion regulation

Pattern: Decreased activity

22
Q

Depression:

Depression Treatment Types:

A

Talk Therapy + Medications

23
Q

Depression - Relevant Brain Structures:

Amygdala

A

Function: emotional salience

Pattern: Increased activity in response to threat/negative stimuli

24
Q

Depression - Treatment Types:

Talk Therapy

A

1. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy:

  • Behavioral Activation: Increased engagement with positive/pleasant activities (ex: exercise)
    • Engage in positive activities → Experience more pleasure → Improve depressed mood
  • Thoughts: Identify Cognitive Distortions + feelings (ex: Catastrophizing)

2. Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy:

  • Incorporating Mindfulness Techniques into a Cognitive Domain.
  • Goal: Thoughts are not facts (observe don’t act)
  • Very useful in reducing relapse of depression
25
Q

Depression: Treatment Types

Medication

A
  1. SSRIs → Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
  2. SNRIs → Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors
  3. Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
  4. Transcranial-Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
    • Applies a magnetic pulse to brain
    • For treatment-resistant depression
  5. Ketamine
    • Theory: Suppresses neurotransmitter activity & alters activation patterns & connectivity
    • Limited long-term research (Be Cautious)
    • Seems to require higher doses
  6. Exercise / Physical Activity
26
Q

Depression: Treatment

Combinations & Comparisons of Treatments

A

Therapy + Medication:

*Combining the two is better than either alone by 10% – 20%
* Medications quicker, therapy longer-lasting effects

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (alone):

  • As effective as medication for severe depression
    • CBT = more effective than medication at preventing relapse

Psychopathology and Mental Health (10 decks)

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