Exam 2 (MD 7-11)

Question 0

Confirmation Bias

Answer 0

A tendency to search for information that confirms Inez’s perceptions.

Question 1

Overconfidence Phenomenon

Answer 1

The tendency to be more confident than correct – to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs.

Question 2

Availability Heuristic

Answer 2

A cognitive rule that judge the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory. If instances of something come readily to mind, we presume it to be commonplace.

Question 3

Illusory Correlation

Answer 3

Perception of a relationship where none exists, of perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists.

Question 4

Illusion of Control

Answer 4

Perception of uncut rollable events as subject to one’s control or as more controllable than they are.

Question 5

Regression Toward the Average

Answer 5

The statistical tendency for extreme scores or extreme behavior to return toward one’s average.

Question 6

Self-fulfilling Prophecy

Answer 6

A belief that leads to its own fulfillment.

Question 7

Behavioral Confirmation

Answer 7

A type of self-fulfilling prophecy whereby people’s social expectations lead them to behave in ways that cause others to confirm their expectations.

Question 8

Attitude

Answer 8

A belief and feeling that can predispose our response to something or someone.

Question 9

Role

Answer 9

A set of norms that defines how people in a given social position ought to behave.

Question 10

Foot-in-the-door Phenomenon

Answer 10

The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.

Question 11

Low-ball Technique

Answer 11

A tactic for getting people to agree to something. People who agree to an initial request will often still comply when the requester ups the ante. People who receive only the costly request are less likely to comply with it.

Question 12

Cognitive Dissonance

Answer 12

Tension that arises when one is simultaneously aware of two inconsistent cognitions.

Question 13

Self-perception Theory

Answer 13

The theory that when we are unsure of our attitudes, we infer them much as would someone observing us–by looking at our behavior and the circumstances under which it occurs.

Question 14

Depressive Realism

Answer 14

The tendency of mildly depressed people to make accurate ether than self-serving judgements, attributions, and predictions.

Question 15

Explanatory Style

Answer 15

One’s habitual way of explaining life events. A negative, pessimistic explanatory style attributes failure to stable, global, and internal causes.