Exam 1 (MD 1-6)

Question 1

Theory

Answer 1

An integrated set of principles that explain observed events.

Question 2

Hypothesis

Answer 2

A testable proposition that describes a relationship that may exist between events.

Question 3

Field Research

Answer 3

Research done in natural, real-life settings outside the laboratory.

Question 4

Correlational Research

Answer 4

The study of the naturally occurring relationships among variables.

Question 5

Experimental Research

Answer 5

Studies that seek clues to cause-effect relationships by manipulating one or more factors (independent variables while controlling others (holding them constant)

Question 6

Independent Variable

Answer 6

The experimental factor that a researcher manipulates

Question 7

Dependent Variable

Answer 7

The variable being measured, so-called because it may depend on manipulation a of the independent variable.

Question 8

Random Assignment

Answer 8

The process of assigning participants to the conditions of an experiment such that all persons have the same chance of being in a given condition. (Contrast with random sampling)

Question 9

Mundane Realism

Answer 9

Degree to which an experiment is superficially similar to everyday situations

Question 10

Experimental Realism

Answer 10

Degree to which an experiment absorbs and involves its partocipants

Question 11

Informed Consent

Answer 11

An ethical principle requiring that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate

Question 12

Hindsight Bias

Answer 12

The tendency to exaggerate, after learning an outcome, one’s ability to have foreseen how something turned out.

Question 13

Self-concept

Answer 13

A person’s answer to the question “Who am I?”

Question 14

Self-schema

Answer 14

Beliefs about self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information

Question 15

Individualism

Answer 15

The concept of giving priority to one’s own goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications

Question 16

Collectivism

Answer 16

Giving priority to the goals of one’s groups (often one’s extended family or work group) and defining one’s identity accordingly

Question 17

Planning Fallacy

Answer 17

The tendency to underestimate how long it will take to complete a task.

Question 18

Dual Attitudes

Answer 18

Differing implicit (automatic) and explicit (consciously controlled) attitudes toward the same object. Verbalized explicit attitudes may change with education and persuasion; implicit attitudes change slowly, with practice that forms new habits

Question 19

Self-serving Bias

Answer 19

The tendency to perceive oneself favorably

Question 20

False Consensus Effect

Answer 20

The tendency to overestimate the commonality of one’s opinions and one’s undesirable or unsuccessful behaviors

Question 21

Fale Uniqueness Effect

Answer 21

The tendency to underestimate the commonality of one’s abilities and one’s desirable or successful behaviors

Question 22

Locus of Control

Answer 22

The extent to which people perceive outcomes as internally controllable by their own efforts or as externally controlled by change or outside forces

Question 23

Learned Helplessness

Answer 23

The sense of hopelessness and resignation learned when a human or animal perceives no control over repeated bad events

Question 24

Fundamental Attribution Error

Answer 24

The tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences on others’ behavior