Exam 1 (MD 1-6) Flashcards
Theory
An integrated set of principles that explain observed events.
Hypothesis
A testable proposition that describes a relationship that may exist between events.
Field Research
Research done in natural, real-life settings outside the laboratory.
Correlational Research
The study of the naturally occurring relationships among variables.
Experimental Research
Studies that seek clues to cause-effect relationships by manipulating one or more factors (independent variables while controlling others (holding them constant)
Independent Variable
The experimental factor that a researcher manipulates
Dependent Variable
The variable being measured, so-called because it may depend on manipulation a of the independent variable.
Random Assignment
The process of assigning participants to the conditions of an experiment such that all persons have the same chance of being in a given condition. (Contrast with random sampling)
Mundane Realism
Degree to which an experiment is superficially similar to everyday situations
Experimental Realism
Degree to which an experiment absorbs and involves its partocipants
Informed Consent
An ethical principle requiring that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate
Hindsight Bias
The tendency to exaggerate, after learning an outcome, one’s ability to have foreseen how something turned out.
Self-concept
A person’s answer to the question “Who am I?”
Self-schema
Beliefs about self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information
Individualism
The concept of giving priority to one’s own goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications
Collectivism
Giving priority to the goals of one’s groups (often one’s extended family or work group) and defining one’s identity accordingly
Planning Fallacy
The tendency to underestimate how long it will take to complete a task.
Dual Attitudes
Differing implicit (automatic) and explicit (consciously controlled) attitudes toward the same object. Verbalized explicit attitudes may change with education and persuasion; implicit attitudes change slowly, with practice that forms new habits
Self-serving Bias
The tendency to perceive oneself favorably
False Consensus Effect
The tendency to overestimate the commonality of one’s opinions and one’s undesirable or unsuccessful behaviors
Fale Uniqueness Effect
The tendency to underestimate the commonality of one’s abilities and one’s desirable or successful behaviors
Locus of Control
The extent to which people perceive outcomes as internally controllable by their own efforts or as externally controlled by change or outside forces
Learned Helplessness
The sense of hopelessness and resignation learned when a human or animal perceives no control over repeated bad events
Fundamental Attribution Error
The tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences on others’ behavior
