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Medical Anthropology > Exam 2 material > Flashcards

Exam 2 material Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is illness behavior?

A

meaningful experience of symptoms and paterns of coping and help-seeking

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2
Q

What are local cultural orientations?

A

patterned ways we have learned to think and act in our life worlds that replicate the social structure of those worlds

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3
Q

concept of the body in Western society

A
  • the body is a machine separate from thought and emotion (mind-body dualism: Descartes)
  • mechanistic view
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4
Q

non-Western society view of the body

A

body is a system, linking others to self and balance in holistic combination of factors

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5
Q

what is somatization?

A

expression of psychological distress through bodily symptoms

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6
Q

what is an idiom of distress? give examples

A
  • locally-salient, usually bodily metaphor for personal, social, or political suffering
  • flojo (idea of being lazy and tired) in Belize
  • created by a tie between bodily process and cultural categories
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7
Q

what is Supire Wharf?

A

the idea that, without language, you can’t think

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8
Q

why does meaning matter in illness? why does illness experience matter in addition to just diagnosis?

A
  • Diagnosis is based on what patient says, so patient’s interpretation of illness
  • Experience and belief impact treatment adherence
  • Physicians may overlook some symptoms in favor of expeced ones that fit diagnostic categories
  • Multiple [explanatory models] in multicultural societies
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9
Q

what is person-centered ethnography?

A
  • attempts to create emic (experience-near) ways to describe and analyze human behavior, subjective experience, and psychological processes
  • focus on both words and body
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10
Q

what is the focus of person-centered ethnography?

A

focuses on how individual’s subjective experience shapes and is shaped by social and cultural processes

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11
Q

how does one study people by person-centered ethnography?

A

give interviews, participant-observation, look at records, etc.

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12
Q

pros and cons of person-centered ethnography

A

pro: get emic perspective, in depth
con: time-consuming data collection; can’t do analyses that look for average

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13
Q

what is Cartesian Dualism?

A

idea that mind and body work together

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14
Q

what are some assumptions of biomedicine?

A
  • “objectivist” perspective
  • Nature and culture are dichotomous cateogies
  • science uncovers truths of the natural world
  • technology means culture will eventually master nature
  • mind and body are separate and the mind controls the body
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15
Q

what is interpretive medical anthropology generally interested in?

A

negotiation of meaning

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16
Q

what is an incorrect assumption of typical biomedical system?

A

assumption that biomedical diagnosis is cause and life context is extraneous

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17
Q

what is the main idea of biological/physical anthropology

A

the idea that the body is a universal object

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18
Q

What is the concept of the body as used in medical anthropology?

A
  • Simultaneously physical and symbolic
  • Natural and culturally produced
  • Anchored in a particular historical moment
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19
Q

What are the three bodies?

A
  1. Individual body
  2. Social body
  3. Body politic
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20
Q

what is the individual body?

A

puts attention on daily experience; meaning-making

body as a personal thing

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21
Q

what is the social body?

A
  • body is a metaphor to understand the world around us
  • communicative and symbolic aspect of the body
  • metaphors: backbone, guts, worn out, run down, recharged
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22
Q

What is the body politic?

A

looks at problems from a larger perspective

regulation, surveillance, and control of bodies (like eyescans for immigrants… stuff to protect public health)

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23
Q

Buddhist idea of the body

A
  • Your body is your own, but is also conencted to and identical with the entire universe
  • “I am you; you are me”
  • very holistic view
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24
Q

Chinese Yin/Yang alternate model to view the body

A
  • the body is a poised state of equilibrium, oscillating between poles
  • (yin.yang, masculine/feminine, light/dark, hot/cold)
  • Bodies are feverish/chillded, moist/dry, etc.
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25
Q

what are the two ways to view the relationship between the body and illness?

A

individualistic vs. sociocentric self

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26
Q

What is the individualistic self

A
  • Method of looking at body as it related to illness in which sickness has an inner, physical or mental, cause
  • Sickness is your fault
  • Healing/therapy concentrated in the individual body
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27
Q

What is the sociocentric self?

A
  • Method of looking at body as it relates to illness in which sickness is seen as a problem of social relations (ex: sorcery)
  • Healing and therapy involves multiple participants
  • sickness is self-absorption or lack of connection
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28
Q

Change in idea of self in rural Fiji

A
  • before TV, had sociocentric self: care and love by attention to others’ robust and big bodies.
  • after TV, individual bodies: pursuit of lifestyle by being skinnier
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29
Q

What are the four components of an ethnomedical system?

A
  1. Theory of etiology
  2. System of diagnosis
  3. Techniques of appropriate treatment/therapy
  4. Prevention techniques
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30
Q

What is an explanatory model?

A

a cognitive blueprint in which to make snese of experience

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31
Q

What is etiology?

A

theories of disease causation

32
Q

What is an ethnomedical system?

A

a medical system specific to a particular culture

33
Q

What is typology?

A

a system of categorization where we find the range of variation and group into ideal types

34
Q

What are the two major epistemological stances of person-centered ethnography?

A
  1. Truth is “uncovered”: “Objectivist”
  2. Truths are co-created in investigation: “Interpretive”
35
Q

What are some probles with the biomedical body?

A
  • Cartesian Dualism: artificial separation of body and mind
  • Pain is either physical OR mental
  • Cause is either biological OR psychosocial
  • Lack of language for mind-body-society interactions
36
Q

How is the body viewed in medical anthropology?

A
  • Simultaneously physical and symbolic
  • Natural and culturally produced
  • Anchored in a particular historical moment
37
Q

What are the two systems of comparative ethnomedicine

A

Naturalistic and Personalistic

38
Q

Cause of sickness in naturalistic system

A
  • cause is the active agent
  • It’s your fault
  • Cause is equilibrium loss: upset of balance of basic body elements (yin/yang)
39
Q

Cause of sickness in personalistic system

A
  • The sick person is viewed as the victim
  • Illness is just one example of misfortune: causality is eneralized
  • Responsibility for sickness is complex and beyond control: not fault of person who is sick
40
Q

In what type of ethnomedical system is emphasis laid on treatment, not diagnosis?

A

naturalistic system

ex: biomedical

41
Q

In which ethnomedical system is chance considered a cause for sickness?

A

Naturalistic system

42
Q

In what ethnomedical system is the sick person considered the victim?

A

Personalistic system

43
Q

A practitioner of this type of ethnomedical system would ask the questions, “who and why”

A

personalistic system

44
Q

Compare cures in the two types of ethnomedical systems

A

naturalistic: oriented toward the body - acupuncture, drugs, surgery
personalistic: deal with not only immediate cause, but also underlying social rifts that caused it (ex: witchcraft)

45
Q

In the view of a personalistic ethnomedical system, how would you prevent sickness?

A

do things that maintain social health with fellow humans, ancestors, and deities

46
Q

A practitioner of this type of ethnomedical system might ask, “what’s wrong”

A

naturalistic system

47
Q

in this type of ethnomedical system, sickness and health extends to the domains of social relationships with living people, ancestors, and spirits

A

personalistic system

48
Q

Voodoo is an example of this type of ethnomedical system

A

personalistic system

49
Q

why does mental health matter around world?

A
  • mental health problems are one of the largest causes of lost years of quality of life
  • 100s of millions of people across the lifespan suffer from mental illness
  • peopel suffer mental illness as a consequence of violence, dislocation, poverty, disasters, and exploitation
50
Q

What are three types of mental health disorders?

A
  1. Mood/affective disorders (bipolar, depressive)
  2. Anxiety (panic, phobias, OCD, PTSD)
  3. Schizophrenia
51
Q

What is WHO’s definition of mental health?

A
  • not just the absence of disease, but rather the state of well-being in which the individual realizes his/her own abilities, can work productively, and is able to contribute to community
  • structure of economic and political welfare matters in mental health
52
Q

What are the two paradigms by which to view mental with?

A

psychiatry and anthropology

53
Q

which paradigm of mental healh emphasizes biological dimensions of disease?

A

psychiatry

54
Q

which paradigm of mental health emphasizes cultural dimensions of illness?

A

anthropological paradigm

55
Q

Which paradigm of mental health emphasizes personal experience, meaning, and phenomenology

A

anthropology

56
Q

What is an example of psychiatric paradigm study and what does it maximize?

A
  • WHO schizophrenia study
  • maximizes reliability
57
Q

What is an example of an anthropological paradigm study of mental health and what does it maximize?

A
  • Lemelson, 2003
  • Culture & Depression, 1982
  • Maximizes validity
58
Q

Psychiatry paradigm of mental health relation to culture

A

deemphasizes cultural dimensions of illness

59
Q

Which paradigm of mental health searches for universals and underlying pathology (how disorders are similar across cultures)

A

psychiatry paradigm

60
Q

Which paradigm of mental health rarely looks for universals and insead looks for variation between cultures?

A

anthropology paradigm

61
Q

What was the 1980 Refugee act?

A

Defined refugee/asylum seeker consistent with international regulations

62
Q

What would qualify someone for refugee status? What wouldn’t?

A
  • prove reasonable fear of persecution
  • qualifies: general persecution, economic persectution when accompanied by another form, sex-based persecution
  • what doesn’t: general harassment or economic hardship, general civil unrest in country, draft dodging, prosecution for violation of country’s criminal laws
63
Q

What is the deftinition of “refugee”?

A

any persons outside of his or her own country of nationality who is unable or unwilling to return because of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion

64
Q

what is the difference between refugees and asylum seekers?

A

location

65
Q

On average, about how many refugees are resettled in the US per year today?

A

78,000

66
Q

What are the refugee priorities?

A
  1. Individuals
  2. Groups of specific humanitarian concern (Cuba, Former Soviet Union, Vietnam)
  3. Family reunification
67
Q

How many officially recognized refugees worldwide?

A

At least 20 million

68
Q

How many internally displaced people (not officially recognized refugees)

A

at least 20 million more

69
Q

What countries tend to host refugees?

A
  • Developing countries host the majority (75%) of world’s refugees
  • Nations with per capita income of less than $2000 host more than 2/3 of refugees
70
Q

What percent of refugees do countries with per capita income of over $10,000 host?

A

only 4%

71
Q

What sort of benefits do refugees get in the US?

A

housing, welfare, food stamps, basic social needs met, training programs, language programs, access to free medical care

72
Q

Possible mental health challenges of forced migration

A
  • Violence/trauma history
  • discrimination
  • uncertain settlement
  • settlement policies (need diagnosis for status)
73
Q

What are some challenges of acculturation for refugees?

A
  • Conflicting cultural practices and beliefs
  • Generation gap
  • Role loss

(effects different for people at different stages of life)

74
Q

What are ethnopsychiatric systems based on?

A

cultural assumptions and social role expectations

75
Q
A

Medical Anthropology (2 decks)

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