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Sheep > Exam 2 Material > Flashcards

Exam 2 Material Flashcards

0
Q

Types of sheep breeds

A

Fine wool, medium wool, long wool, meat type, hair type, dairy

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1
Q

75% of the worlds sheep industry comes from these 6 breeds

A 
Delaine merino
Rambouillet 
Southdown
Suffolk
Hampshire
Romney
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2
Q

3 ways to classify sheep breeds

A

Type
Breeding use
Face color

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3
Q

Breeding uses

A

Ewe breed, ram breed, dual purpose

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4
Q

Ewe breeds

A

Merino, Rambouillet, polypay, Finnsheep, Targhee

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5
Q

Characteristics of ewe breeds

A 
Prolificacy
Mothering ability
Hardy
Milking ability
Fertility
Adaptable
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6
Q

Ram breeds

A

Suffolk, Hampshire, shropshire, Southdown, Oxford

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7
Q

Characteristics of ram breeds

A

Produce fast growing lambs

Terminal sires

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8
Q

Dual purpose breeds

A 
Columbia
Dorset
Lincoln
Dorper
Romney
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9
Q

Characteristics of dual purpose breeds

A

Repro and/or wool and/or meat

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10
Q

4 breeds that make up the polypay

A

Rambouillet
Targhee
Finn
Dorset

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11
Q

6 main characteristics of sheep

A 
Gregarious
Unsure of footing
Fear dark
Difficult to drive against sun at sunup or sundown
Will follow a leader
Strong mothering instincts
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12
Q

Slaughter lambs

A

Milk fed sold for slaughter directly off ewe 3-6 mo 90-100 lbs

Or

Early wean @ 60 d, finish in drylot or on pasture with concentrates 3-6 mo

.1-.2 bf

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13
Q

Feeder lambs

A 
to small for slaughter @ first marketing
Sold to feedlot (drylot) @ 4-7 mo of age (weaning) 
60-90 lbs
Fed conc. diet to 100-150 lbs 
less than 1 yr of age
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14
Q

ethnic lamb

A

$$$
sell on individual basis to slaughter on their slaughter procedures rather than commercial slaughter
50-70 lbs and 2-12 mo of age
hair sheep - katahdin

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15
Q

oldest meat type breed

A

southdown

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16
Q

“Rent payer”

A

shropshire

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17
Q

This breed is ‘too green’

A

Suffolk

not enough fat covering to protect carcass during production/slaughter

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18
Q

Where did polled dorests come from

A

North Carolina State University in 1947 from an apparent gene mutation of horned dorsets

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19
Q

hyperactive sheep

A

suffolk

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20
Q

Callipyge gene

A

“beautiful buttox”
lambs born normal, then 6 wks of age would bulk up
bad meat

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22
Q

most famous polled dorset

A

dolly

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23
Q

type

A

an ideal or standard of perfection, including all the characteristics of an animal that make it better suited for a specific purpose or use

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24
Q

breed

A

A group of animals of common origin that have certain distinguishing characteristics and are capable of transmitting these characteristics to their offspring in a uniform manner.

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25
Q

purebred

A

an animal whose sire and dam are of the same breed and their ancestors were of the same breed also.

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26
Q

crossbred

A

an animal sired by a male of one breed and out of a dam of another breed.

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27
Q

grade

A

a non-purebred animal resembling and having the majority of its genetics from one breed.

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28
Q

what is the main cause of dystocia in ewes

A

disparity between lamb birth weight and maternal pelvic size

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29
Q

clostridium tetani is commonly referred to as

A

tetanus, lockjaw

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30
Q

how long is the lifecycle of nematodes in sheep

A

21 days

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31
Q

what is FAMACHA

A

utilized the color of the mucous membranes in the lower eyelid to determine the level of anemia the animal is experiencing. Scale of 1-5 maybe 3 and deff 4 and 5 should be treated with anthelmintic treatment

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32
Q

what drench is used at the sheep unit

A

Copper Sulfate (CuSO4)

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33
Q

Best and Worst Growth Rate

A

H: suffolk
L: Merino, finn, lincoln

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34
Q

Best and worst breed hardiness

A

H: merino, Rambouillet
L: Hamp, Suffolk, Finn

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35
Q

Best and worst gregariousness

A

H: merino, rambouillet
L: Hamp, Finn, Suffolk

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36
Q

rank prolificacy

A

H: Finnsheep
L: Merino, Ramb.

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37
Q

Rank milking ability

A

H: Finn, Dorset, Hamp
L: Ramb, Merino

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38
Q

rank fleece weight

A

H: Lincoln
L: Cheviot

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39
Q

rank fleece quality

A

H: merino
L: Lincoln

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40
Q

Rank shrink

A

H: merino
L: finn, hamp

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41
Q

Rank mature weight

A

H: Lincoln
L: Cheviot

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42
Q

advantages of fine wool breeds

A 
adaptable to hot or cold as long as it is dry
breed throughout year
flocking instinct
no lambing problems
mothering ability
longevity
crossbreeding
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43
Q

disadvantages of fine wool breeds

A 
slow growth
light muscling
maternal breeds
excessive hoof growth
fleece rot in wet areas
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44
Q

Contributed more to WORLD sheep industry

A

merino

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45
Q

advantages of medium wool breeds

A

larger, faster growing than fine
good market lambs when sired by meat type
better producers than fine in good feed conditions
gregarious

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46
Q

disadvantages of medium wool breeds

A

low production in hot climates
need good feed conditions
more seasonal breeders than fine
fleece quality not uniform

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47
Q

Some medium wool breeds

A

columbia, corridale, targhee, polypay

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48
Q

Development of columbia

A

Lincoln ram x Rambouillet ewe

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49
Q

development of the corridale

A

Lincoln ram x merino ewe

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50
Q

make up of targhee

A

1/4 Lincon, 1/8 Merino, 5/8 Rambouillet

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51
Q

Advantages of long wool breeds

A

size - fast growing
crossbreeding
milking ability

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52
Q

disadvantages of long wool breeds

A

not heat tolerant
low quality wool
seasonal breeders - fall
lack hardiness

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53
Q

hardiest of long wool breeds

A

Romney

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54
Q

advantages of meat type breeds

A

crossbreeding; ADG; carcass quality

ADG ~ .7-1 lb/hd/d

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55
Q

disadvantages of meat type breeds

A

seasonal breeders; not gregarious; fleece lacks length, quality, and contain black fibers

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56
Q

performance differences are caused primarily by

A

non-genetic factors

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57
Q

______ % of performance differences are due to genetic differences

A

10-30

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58
Q

production of a sheep is dependent on

A

genes and environment

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59
Q

Genotype =

A

breeding value + gene combination value

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60
Q

breeding value

A

sum of independent effects of each allele affecting trait

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61
Q

sheep breeding value is used to

A

predict performance of its progeny

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62
Q

heritability

A

proportion of differences between sheep in performance due to differences in their BV

variation in bv / variation in performance

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63
Q

low heritability %

A

5-20%

64
Q

moderate heritability %

A

20-40%

65
Q

high heritability %

A

40-60%

66
Q

How heritable are the following traits:

Repro; growth; carcass; dairy; fleece

A 
repro- low
growth - mod
carcass - mod to high
dairy - mod to high
fleece- high
67
Q

Basis for flock improvement and laying groundwork for future generations

A

selection

68
Q

Visual traits are highly heritable - these are

A

conformation; structural correctness; height; length; wool quality

69
Q

Production traits

A

traits that result in improved lamb, wool, and/or milk production

litter size; lamb survival; milk production; weaning weight; post-weaning gain; LEA; fat thickness; fleece weight; disease resistance; parasite resistance

70
Q

adjustment factors

A

create fair comparisons; correct for age of lamb

adjust for non-genetic factors: age of ewe; lamb sex; lamb type of birth and rearing

71
Q

contemporary group

A

uniformly managed group of animals of similar genetic type, age and sex

72
Q

trait ratios

A

means of identifying superior animals in flock
= individuals record for trait x 100/contemporary group avg.
compares performance of individual relative to its contemporaries

73
Q

NSIP

A

National Sheep Improvement Program

move sheep industry ahead with genetic improvement

74
Q

EPD

A

expected difference between performance of that animal’s progeny and avg progeny performance of al animals in breed, for that trait

=1/2 EBV

75
Q

EBV

A

best available measure of animals genetic merit as breeding animal

individual transmits 1/2 BV to offspring

used for comparison and ranking

76
Q

what % of genetic improvement within flock comes from ram selection

A

80-90%

77
Q

primary tool for improvement of livestock

A

selection

78
Q

responsible for genetic improvement of national flock

A

seedstock producers `

79
Q

characteristics of seedstock production

A

purebreeding; manage as single flock; initial cost per animal higher requires records/performance testing

80
Q

characteristics of commercial production

A

crossbreeding; systematically uses different breed resources in mating system designed to produce crossbred offspring of specific type
most common

81
Q

2 primary benefits of cross breeding

A

heterosis

breed complementarity

82
Q

heterosis

A

superiority of crossbred individual relative to average performance of purebred parents included in cross

83
Q

breed complementarity

A

combine desirable traits form 2 or more breeds; different breeds have different strengths - incorporate them
keep breeds in proper roles

84
Q

types of crossbreeding systems

A

terminal cross

rotational cross

85
Q

Estrous cycle

A

17 days

86
Q

When are ewes in anestrous

A

March April may little bit of June

87
Q

when are lambs born/marketed in KY and the farm flock states?

A

Lamb: Jan/Feb
Market: April, May, June (as milk-fed slaughter)

88
Q

when are lambs born/marketed in Texas

A

lamb: Nov-Dec (Ramb, merino, ramb x)
market: April, May, June (as feeder lambs) - same time as in KY b/c not as good feed, slower growers

Fed lambs marketed in Sept - Oct

89
Q

When are lambs born/marketed in the Northwest

A

(Ex. Targhee, Columbia, Corridale, Rambouillet, Merino)

Lamb April - May

Market: Sept - Oct (as feeder lambs and milk fed slaughter lambs
(fed lambs marketed in Jan, Feb, Mar

90
Q

Steps/dates of producing lambs for Jan/Feb Lambing

A 
Flush: Aug 1-15
Breed: Aug 15-Oct 7
Early gestation: Oct 7 - Dec. 9
Late gestation: Dec 9 - Jan 9
Lactation: Jan 9 - Mar 20
Maintenance: Mar 20 - Aug 1
91
Q

steps/dates of producing lambs for April Lambing

A 
Flush: Nov 1-15
Breed: Nov 15-Dec 7
Early gestation:  Dec 7 - March 11
Late gestation: March 11 - April 11
Lactation: April 11 - June 20
Maintenance: June 20 - Nov 1
92
Q

steps/dates of producing lambs for October Lambing

A 
Flush: April 15 - May 1
Breed: May 1 - May 31
Early gestation:  May 31 - Sept 15
Late gestation: Sept 15 - Oct 15 
Lactation: Oct 15 - Dec 15
Maintenance: Dec 15 - April 15
93
Q

What drives lamb marketing seasons?

A

seasonal anestrus - dictates breeding season and lamb marketing time

94
Q

What types of lambs are marketed in the fall and at what weight?

A

Feeders –> feedlots (60-100lbs)

95
Q

What types of lambs are marketed in the fall/winter and and what weight?

A

old crops (fed) for slaughter (120-150lbs)

96
Q

What types of lambs are marketed in the spring (up to July 1) ?

A

Milk-fed slaughter (born jan/feb)

97
Q

what types of lambs are marketed in the summer (after july 1)

A

milk fed-slaughter and feeders (mismanaged-

born same time as spring but didn’t grow as well)

98
Q

lambing rate =

A

of lambs born (dead or alive) / # of ewes lambing

99
Q

lambing % =

A 
# of lambs born (dead or alive OR alive only) / # of ewes exposed (exposed vs. lambing , exposed will be less) 
better indicator than lambing rate
100
Q

Summer Sterility

A

Sperm in period of 20-40 d of age (immature sperm) is when heat can kill sperm which decreases fertility seen 2-3 weeks later in breeding rams

> 95 degree F for 4 hours will decrease viability of 20-40 day old sperm

101
Q

Classes of sperm

A

0-20 d
20-40 d (will die if temp too hot)
40-60 d

102
Q

average birth weight across all breeds

A

8-9 lbs

103
Q

What is a free martin? are there free martins in sheep?

A

When a set of twins has one male and one female the female becomes sterile (seen in cattle)

No free martins in sheep

104
Q

larger lambs at birth grow _______

A

faster

105
Q

what % of lambs are singles, twins, triplets

A

s: 53%
t: 45%
Trip: 2%

106
Q

What age ewes are most prolific?

A

middle ages (3-6 years)

107
Q

Twinning has what % heritability?

A

10-15%

108
Q

What age are sheep full grown

A

2-3 yr

109
Q

total life expectancy

A

10-15 yrs

110
Q

productive life

A

5-7 years

111
Q

At what age do rams reach sexual maturity? ewes?

A

Rams: 5-8 mo
ewes: 16-20 mo

112
Q

Define early (fast) maturing lambs

A

grows fairly rapidly to some weight less than market weight. thereafter, growth rate slows down b/c or fat deposition

113
Q

late (slow maturing lamb:

A

grows rapidly from birth to market weight without depositing excess fat in the carcass

114
Q

advantages of breeding ewe lambs (yearlings)

A

growth retardation is not permanent
no effect on wool
cull poor performers prior to breeding as yearling
maintenance feed cost before first income is reduced
sell open lambs as lambs
market 80-130 lb more lamb/ewe/lifetime
50-80% conception rate

115
Q

if breeding at 12 mo the ewe must weigh

A

2/3 of mature weight

116
Q

how long is lambing season

A

2 months

117
Q

disadvantages of breeding ewe lambs (yearlings)

A

small birth weights (hard to deal with survivability of the lambs)
low conception rate
require more attention (during lambing, still feeding feed)
parasite control (young lambs more susceptible)
shear in spring
breed, maintain, and feed separately

118
Q

spring milk-fat or milk fed lamb

A

reaches market (slaughter) weight of 100-120 lb @ weaning at 3-7 mo OR early weaned and finished for slaughter @ 3-7 mo

119
Q

feeder lamb

A

wean @ 6-8 mo; 50-100 lb
sold to buyer with pasture and/or concentrates to feed so lambs gain .3-.4 lb/d until 130+ lb slaughter weight

re-sell as fed or old crop lamb

120
Q

Cause of foot rot

A

wet weather, anaerobic hoof

121
Q

common signs of hoof rot

A

lameness, moist reddened area between toes, separation of the horny tissues, foul odor

Sheep will limp or graze on knees

122
Q

2 biggest problems in sheep

A

parasites and hoof rot

123
Q

the primary organism for foot rot is spread from infected sheep to :

A

moist soil and to non infected sheep

124
Q

4 main management prevention practices of foot rot

A
  1. never buy sheep infected with foot rot
  2. avoid common-use trails and corrals where infected sheep have traveled
  3. proper cleaning and disinfection
  4. assume all new additions to flock are infected (isolate for min or 2 weeks and trim all feet)

PREVENT, TRIM (2x a year), TREAT, ISOLATE, CULL

125
Q

7 foot rot treatments

A
  1. vaccination
  2. footbath - 10% zinc sulfate every 5th - 7th day
  3. foot soaks
  4. dry chemicals
  5. trimming
  6. dry pens
  7. topical meds
126
Q

contagious ecthyma is commonly known as

A

sore mouth

127
Q

enterotoxemia is commonly known as

A

overeating

128
Q

____ _____ is providing lambs additional feed from that are provided to the ewe and in an area constructed so the lambs can enter, but the ewes can not

A

creep feeding

129
Q

6 reasons to creep feed lambs

A
  1. reduces weight loss during the transition from milk to dry feed or pasture
  2. lamb born in late fall and winter should be creep fed so that they will reach 100-120 lb by april, may, or june
  3. purebred and registered lambs should be creep fed to maximize gain
  4. . twin or triplet lambs should definitely be creep-fed in case the ewe doesn’t have enough milk
  5. late born lambs should be separated and creep fed
  6. milk - fed slaughter should be creep fed from birth, the extra gain will significantly reduce the time required to get the lambs on the high market (^profit)
130
Q

Classic creep fed ration

A

90% ground or cracked corn

10% SBM

131
Q

4 reasons for docking

A
  1. less filth
  2. fewer maggots
  3. no breeding interference
  4. improves appearance
132
Q

where do we dock tails

A

1 inch from body

between 4th and 5th coccygeal vertebrae

133
Q

when do we dock tails

A

1 week - 10 days (at least by 14 days)

in warm, dry, clear weather day

134
Q

methods for docking

A 
knife
rubber bands (bloodless but long pain)
hot chisel and board (cant use for castrating)
burdizzo
*EMASCULATOR* - crushed and cuts tail
135
Q

reasons for castration

A
  1. run ewes and wethers together
  2. higher dressing %
  3. highest quality meat
  4. no discrimination buyer
  5. no chance of lamb not making market weight before reaching sexual maturity (6-8 mo.) wethers can go as feeders - rams can not.
136
Q

method of castration in class

A

elastrator - rubber bands

bloodless, certainty of getting both testicles, painful for day or two, limited to 1-2 weeks of age

137
Q

when to castrate

A

7-10 days (same as docking)

138
Q

a male born with one or both testicles lying in the body cavity

A

cryptorchids

139
Q

induced cryptorchid

A

rubber band used to push and hold ttesticles in body cavity until scrotum falls off. testicles remain in body but extra heat kills sperm, making individual infertile, but all other characteristics of a ram.

140
Q

*Rams (cryptorchids) vs. wethers vs. ewes

ADG, FE, DP, Fatness

A

ADG: R > W > E
FE: R > W > E
DP: E> W > R
Fatness: E > W > R

141
Q

causes of dystocia (difficult lambing)

A

lamb size, pelvic size of ewe, improper position of lambs

142
Q

signs of parturition

A

isolation, sagging of front hips, relaxation of vulva, full udder, nervousness, looks behind continually, may call for lamb

143
Q

normal lambs do these things:

A

eat, sleep, play, strech, vocalize some, have a warm mouth, level backs, temp 102-103

144
Q

Important considerations for the first 24 hours after lambing

A

check for milk flow, check lambs eyes and mouth, clip and dip navel in 7% iodine, be sure lamb nurses, water ewe in small bucket and limited hay

145
Q

3 most common abnormal positions at birth

A
  1. 1 foreleg retained
  2. forlegs bent at knee
  3. forlegs crossed over neck
146
Q

When out of lambing pens, you must do these 3 things for ewes

A

trim feet, deworm, check udder and mouth

147
Q

when out of lambing pen, do these things for lambs

A

dock, castrate, tetanus anti-toxin, sore mouth caccine, ear tag/notch

148
Q

some diseases of young lamb

A

diarrhea, pneumonia, navel ill, tetanus, pink eye, sore mouth , enterotoemia

149
Q

ewes should be how old before given the chance to become pregnant

A

7-8 mo

150
Q

the length of time when the ewe will accept the ram is known as the

A

estrous period (heat)

151
Q

length of the estrous period (heat)

A

20-42 hours

152
Q

the period form beginning of one heat to the beginning of the next is called the

A

estrous cycle

153
Q

how long is the estrous cycle in ewes

A

16-17 days

154
Q

dropping of the egg from the ovary into the infundibulum of the repro tract

A

ovulation - occurs during the last 6-10 hrs of the estrous period (heat)

155
Q

progesterone performs the 4 following functions during pregnancy:

A
  1. keeps other ova from being released from ovary (no estrus period)
  2. reduces LH production
  3. keeps the ewe pregnant
  4. stimulates mammary development
156
Q

where is semen deposited

A

vagina

157
Q

recurring estrous cycles if conception does not occur, but only in certain seasons of year
Oct/Nov normal breeding seasons for ewes

A

seasonally polyestrus

Sheep (3 decks)

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