Exam 2 Material Flashcards
0
Q
Types of sheep breeds
A
Fine wool, medium wool, long wool, meat type, hair type, dairy
1
Q
75% of the worlds sheep industry comes from these 6 breeds
A
Delaine merino Rambouillet Southdown Suffolk Hampshire Romney
2
Q
3 ways to classify sheep breeds
A
Type
Breeding use
Face color
3
Q
Breeding uses
A
Ewe breed, ram breed, dual purpose
4
Q
Ewe breeds
A
Merino, Rambouillet, polypay, Finnsheep, Targhee
5
Q
Characteristics of ewe breeds
A
Prolificacy Mothering ability Hardy Milking ability Fertility Adaptable
6
Q
Ram breeds
A
Suffolk, Hampshire, shropshire, Southdown, Oxford
7
Q
Characteristics of ram breeds
A
Produce fast growing lambs
Terminal sires
8
Q
Dual purpose breeds
A
Columbia Dorset Lincoln Dorper Romney
9
Q
Characteristics of dual purpose breeds
A
Repro and/or wool and/or meat
10
Q
4 breeds that make up the polypay
A
Rambouillet
Targhee
Finn
Dorset
11
Q
6 main characteristics of sheep
A
Gregarious Unsure of footing Fear dark Difficult to drive against sun at sunup or sundown Will follow a leader Strong mothering instincts
12
Q
Slaughter lambs
A
Milk fed sold for slaughter directly off ewe 3-6 mo 90-100 lbs
Or
Early wean @ 60 d, finish in drylot or on pasture with concentrates 3-6 mo
.1-.2 bf
13
Q
Feeder lambs
A
to small for slaughter @ first marketing Sold to feedlot (drylot) @ 4-7 mo of age (weaning) 60-90 lbs Fed conc. diet to 100-150 lbs less than 1 yr of age
14
Q
ethnic lamb
A
$$$
sell on individual basis to slaughter on their slaughter procedures rather than commercial slaughter
50-70 lbs and 2-12 mo of age
hair sheep - katahdin
15
Q
oldest meat type breed
A
southdown
16
Q
“Rent payer”
A
shropshire
17
Q
This breed is ‘too green’
A
Suffolk
not enough fat covering to protect carcass during production/slaughter
18
Q
Where did polled dorests come from
A
North Carolina State University in 1947 from an apparent gene mutation of horned dorsets
19
Q
hyperactive sheep
A
suffolk
20
Q
Callipyge gene
A
“beautiful buttox”
lambs born normal, then 6 wks of age would bulk up
bad meat
22
Q
most famous polled dorset
A
dolly
23
Q
type
A
an ideal or standard of perfection, including all the characteristics of an animal that make it better suited for a specific purpose or use
24
Q
breed
A
A group of animals of common origin that have certain distinguishing characteristics and are capable of transmitting these characteristics to their offspring in a uniform manner.
25
purebred
an animal whose sire and dam are of the same breed and their ancestors were of the same breed also.
26
crossbred
an animal sired by a male of one breed and out of a dam of another breed.
27
grade
a non-purebred animal resembling and having the majority of its genetics from one breed.
28
what is the main cause of dystocia in ewes
disparity between lamb birth weight and maternal pelvic size
29
clostridium tetani is commonly referred to as
tetanus, lockjaw
30
how long is the lifecycle of nematodes in sheep
21 days
31
what is FAMACHA
utilized the color of the mucous membranes in the lower eyelid to determine the level of anemia the animal is experiencing. Scale of 1-5 maybe 3 and deff 4 and 5 should be treated with anthelmintic treatment
32
what drench is used at the sheep unit
Copper Sulfate (CuSO4)
33
Best and Worst Growth Rate
H: suffolk
L: Merino, finn, lincoln
34
Best and worst breed hardiness
H: merino, Rambouillet
L: Hamp, Suffolk, Finn
35
Best and worst gregariousness
H: merino, rambouillet
L: Hamp, Finn, Suffolk
36
rank prolificacy
H: Finnsheep
L: Merino, Ramb.
37
Rank milking ability
H: Finn, Dorset, Hamp
L: Ramb, Merino
38
rank fleece weight
H: Lincoln
L: Cheviot
39
rank fleece quality
H: merino
L: Lincoln
40
Rank shrink
H: merino
L: finn, hamp
41
Rank mature weight
H: Lincoln
L: Cheviot
42
advantages of fine wool breeds
```
adaptable to hot or cold as long as it is dry
breed throughout year
flocking instinct
no lambing problems
mothering ability
longevity
crossbreeding
```
43
disadvantages of fine wool breeds
```
slow growth
light muscling
maternal breeds
excessive hoof growth
fleece rot in wet areas
```
44
Contributed more to WORLD sheep industry
merino
45
advantages of medium wool breeds
larger, faster growing than fine
good market lambs when sired by meat type
better producers than fine in good feed conditions
gregarious
46
disadvantages of medium wool breeds
low production in hot climates
need good feed conditions
more seasonal breeders than fine
fleece quality not uniform
47
Some medium wool breeds
columbia, corridale, targhee, polypay
48
Development of columbia
Lincoln ram x Rambouillet ewe
49
development of the corridale
Lincoln ram x merino ewe
50
make up of targhee
1/4 Lincon, 1/8 Merino, 5/8 Rambouillet
51
Advantages of long wool breeds
size - fast growing
crossbreeding
milking ability
52
disadvantages of long wool breeds
not heat tolerant
low quality wool
seasonal breeders - fall
lack hardiness
53
hardiest of long wool breeds
Romney
54
advantages of meat type breeds
crossbreeding; ADG; carcass quality
| ADG ~ .7-1 lb/hd/d
55
disadvantages of meat type breeds
seasonal breeders; not gregarious; fleece lacks length, quality, and contain black fibers
56
performance differences are caused primarily by
non-genetic factors
57
______ % of performance differences are due to genetic differences
10-30
58
production of a sheep is dependent on
genes and environment
59
Genotype =
breeding value + gene combination value
60
breeding value
sum of independent effects of each allele affecting trait
61
sheep breeding value is used to
predict performance of its progeny
62
heritability
proportion of differences between sheep in performance due to differences in their BV
variation in bv / variation in performance
63
low heritability %
5-20%
64
moderate heritability %
20-40%
65
high heritability %
40-60%
66
How heritable are the following traits:
| Repro; growth; carcass; dairy; fleece
```
repro- low
growth - mod
carcass - mod to high
dairy - mod to high
fleece- high
```
67
Basis for flock improvement and laying groundwork for future generations
selection
68
Visual traits are highly heritable - these are
conformation; structural correctness; height; length; wool quality
69
Production traits
traits that result in improved lamb, wool, and/or milk production
litter size; lamb survival; milk production; weaning weight; post-weaning gain; LEA; fat thickness; fleece weight; disease resistance; parasite resistance
70
adjustment factors
create fair comparisons; correct for age of lamb
| adjust for non-genetic factors: age of ewe; lamb sex; lamb type of birth and rearing
71
contemporary group
uniformly managed group of animals of similar genetic type, age and sex
72
trait ratios
means of identifying superior animals in flock
= individuals record for trait x 100/contemporary group avg.
compares performance of individual relative to its contemporaries
73
NSIP
National Sheep Improvement Program
move sheep industry ahead with genetic improvement
74
EPD
expected difference between performance of that animal's progeny and avg progeny performance of al animals in breed, for that trait
=1/2 EBV
75
EBV
best available measure of animals genetic merit as breeding animal
individual transmits 1/2 BV to offspring
used for comparison and ranking
76
what % of genetic improvement within flock comes from ram selection
80-90%
77
primary tool for improvement of livestock
selection
78
responsible for genetic improvement of national flock
seedstock producers `
79
characteristics of seedstock production
purebreeding; manage as single flock; initial cost per animal higher requires records/performance testing
80
characteristics of commercial production
crossbreeding; systematically uses different breed resources in mating system designed to produce crossbred offspring of specific type
most common
81
2 primary benefits of cross breeding
heterosis
| breed complementarity
82
heterosis
superiority of crossbred individual relative to average performance of purebred parents included in cross
83
breed complementarity
combine desirable traits form 2 or more breeds; different breeds have different strengths - incorporate them
keep breeds in proper roles
84
types of crossbreeding systems
terminal cross
| rotational cross
85
Estrous cycle
17 days
86
When are ewes in anestrous
March April may little bit of June
87
when are lambs born/marketed in KY and the farm flock states?
Lamb: Jan/Feb
Market: April, May, June (as milk-fed slaughter)
88
when are lambs born/marketed in Texas
lamb: Nov-Dec (Ramb, merino, ramb x)
market: April, May, June (as feeder lambs) - same time as in KY b/c not as good feed, slower growers
Fed lambs marketed in Sept - Oct
89
When are lambs born/marketed in the Northwest
(Ex. Targhee, Columbia, Corridale, Rambouillet, Merino)
Lamb April - May
Market: Sept - Oct (as feeder lambs and milk fed slaughter lambs
(fed lambs marketed in Jan, Feb, Mar
90
Steps/dates of producing lambs for Jan/Feb Lambing
```
Flush: Aug 1-15
Breed: Aug 15-Oct 7
Early gestation: Oct 7 - Dec. 9
Late gestation: Dec 9 - Jan 9
Lactation: Jan 9 - Mar 20
Maintenance: Mar 20 - Aug 1
```
91
steps/dates of producing lambs for April Lambing
```
Flush: Nov 1-15
Breed: Nov 15-Dec 7
Early gestation: Dec 7 - March 11
Late gestation: March 11 - April 11
Lactation: April 11 - June 20
Maintenance: June 20 - Nov 1
```
92
steps/dates of producing lambs for October Lambing
```
Flush: April 15 - May 1
Breed: May 1 - May 31
Early gestation: May 31 - Sept 15
Late gestation: Sept 15 - Oct 15
Lactation: Oct 15 - Dec 15
Maintenance: Dec 15 - April 15
```
93
What drives lamb marketing seasons?
seasonal anestrus - dictates breeding season and lamb marketing time
94
What types of lambs are marketed in the fall and at what weight?
Feeders --> feedlots (60-100lbs)
95
What types of lambs are marketed in the fall/winter and and what weight?
old crops (fed) for slaughter (120-150lbs)
96
What types of lambs are marketed in the spring (up to July 1) ?
Milk-fed slaughter (born jan/feb)
97
what types of lambs are marketed in the summer (after july 1)
milk fed-slaughter and feeders (mismanaged-
| born same time as spring but didn't grow as well)
98
lambing rate =
of lambs born (dead or alive) / # of ewes lambing
99
lambing % =
```
# of lambs born (dead or alive OR alive only) / # of ewes exposed (exposed vs. lambing , exposed will be less)
better indicator than lambing rate
```
100
Summer Sterility
Sperm in period of 20-40 d of age (immature sperm) is when heat can kill sperm which decreases fertility seen 2-3 weeks later in breeding rams
>95 degree F for 4 hours will decrease viability of 20-40 day old sperm
101
Classes of sperm
0-20 d
20-40 d (will die if temp too hot)
40-60 d
102
average birth weight across all breeds
8-9 lbs
103
What is a free martin? are there free martins in sheep?
When a set of twins has one male and one female the female becomes sterile (seen in cattle)
No free martins in sheep
104
larger lambs at birth grow _______
faster
105
what % of lambs are singles, twins, triplets
s: 53%
t: 45%
Trip: 2%
106
What age ewes are most prolific?
middle ages (3-6 years)
107
Twinning has what % heritability?
10-15%
108
What age are sheep full grown
2-3 yr
109
total life expectancy
10-15 yrs
110
productive life
5-7 years
111
At what age do rams reach sexual maturity? ewes?
Rams: 5-8 mo
ewes: 16-20 mo
112
Define early (fast) maturing lambs
grows fairly rapidly to some weight less than market weight. thereafter, growth rate slows down b/c or fat deposition
113
late (slow maturing lamb:
grows rapidly from birth to market weight without depositing excess fat in the carcass
114
advantages of breeding ewe lambs (yearlings)
growth retardation is not permanent
no effect on wool
cull poor performers prior to breeding as yearling
maintenance feed cost before first income is reduced
sell open lambs as lambs
market 80-130 lb more lamb/ewe/lifetime
50-80% conception rate
115
if breeding at 12 mo the ewe must weigh
2/3 of mature weight
116
how long is lambing season
2 months
117
disadvantages of breeding ewe lambs (yearlings)
small birth weights (hard to deal with survivability of the lambs)
low conception rate
require more attention (during lambing, still feeding feed)
parasite control (young lambs more susceptible)
shear in spring
breed, maintain, and feed separately
118
spring milk-fat or milk fed lamb
reaches market (slaughter) weight of 100-120 lb @ weaning at 3-7 mo OR early weaned and finished for slaughter @ 3-7 mo
119
feeder lamb
wean @ 6-8 mo; 50-100 lb
sold to buyer with pasture and/or concentrates to feed so lambs gain .3-.4 lb/d until 130+ lb slaughter weight
re-sell as fed or old crop lamb
120
Cause of foot rot
wet weather, anaerobic hoof
121
common signs of hoof rot
lameness, moist reddened area between toes, separation of the horny tissues, foul odor
Sheep will limp or graze on knees
122
2 biggest problems in sheep
parasites and hoof rot
123
the primary organism for foot rot is spread from infected sheep to :
moist soil and to non infected sheep
124
4 main management prevention practices of foot rot
1. never buy sheep infected with foot rot
2. avoid common-use trails and corrals where infected sheep have traveled
3. proper cleaning and disinfection
4. assume all new additions to flock are infected (isolate for min or 2 weeks and trim all feet)
PREVENT, TRIM (2x a year), TREAT, ISOLATE, CULL
125
7 foot rot treatments
1. vaccination
2. footbath - 10% zinc sulfate every 5th - 7th day
3. foot soaks
4. dry chemicals
5. trimming
6. dry pens
7. topical meds
126
contagious ecthyma is commonly known as
sore mouth
127
enterotoxemia is commonly known as
overeating
128
____ _____ is providing lambs additional feed from that are provided to the ewe and in an area constructed so the lambs can enter, but the ewes can not
creep feeding
129
6 reasons to creep feed lambs
1. reduces weight loss during the transition from milk to dry feed or pasture
2. lamb born in late fall and winter should be creep fed so that they will reach 100-120 lb by april, may, or june
3. purebred and registered lambs should be creep fed to maximize gain
4. . twin or triplet lambs should definitely be creep-fed in case the ewe doesn't have enough milk
5. late born lambs should be separated and creep fed
6. milk - fed slaughter should be creep fed from birth, the extra gain will significantly reduce the time required to get the lambs on the high market (^profit)
130
Classic creep fed ration
90% ground or cracked corn
| 10% SBM
131
4 reasons for docking
1. less filth
2. fewer maggots
3. no breeding interference
4. improves appearance
132
where do we dock tails
1 inch from body
| between 4th and 5th coccygeal vertebrae
133
when do we dock tails
1 week - 10 days (at least by 14 days)
| in warm, dry, clear weather day
134
methods for docking
```
knife
rubber bands (bloodless but long pain)
hot chisel and board (cant use for castrating)
burdizzo
*EMASCULATOR* - crushed and cuts tail
```
135
*reasons for castration*
1. run ewes and wethers together
2. higher dressing %
3. highest quality meat
4. no discrimination buyer
5. no chance of lamb not making market weight before reaching sexual maturity (6-8 mo.) wethers can go as feeders - rams can not.
136
method of castration in class
elastrator - rubber bands
| bloodless, certainty of getting both testicles, painful for day or two, limited to 1-2 weeks of age
137
when to castrate
7-10 days (same as docking)
138
a male born with one or both testicles lying in the body cavity
cryptorchids
139
induced cryptorchid
rubber band used to push and hold ttesticles in body cavity until scrotum falls off. testicles remain in body but extra heat kills sperm, making individual infertile, but all other characteristics of a ram.
140
*Rams (cryptorchids) vs. wethers vs. ewes
| ADG, FE, DP, Fatness
ADG: R > W > E
FE: R > W > E
DP: E> W > R
Fatness: E > W > R
141
causes of dystocia (difficult lambing)
lamb size, pelvic size of ewe, improper position of lambs
142
signs of parturition
isolation, sagging of front hips, relaxation of vulva, full udder, nervousness, looks behind continually, may call for lamb
143
normal lambs do these things:
eat, sleep, play, strech, vocalize some, have a warm mouth, level backs, temp 102-103
144
Important considerations for the first 24 hours after lambing
check for milk flow, check lambs eyes and mouth, clip and dip navel in 7% iodine, be sure lamb nurses, water ewe in small bucket and limited hay
145
3 most common abnormal positions at birth
1. 1 foreleg retained
2. forlegs bent at knee
3. forlegs crossed over neck
146
When out of lambing pens, you must do these 3 things for ewes
trim feet, deworm, check udder and mouth
147
when out of lambing pen, do these things for lambs
dock, castrate, tetanus anti-toxin, sore mouth caccine, ear tag/notch
148
some diseases of young lamb
diarrhea, pneumonia, navel ill, tetanus, pink eye, sore mouth , enterotoemia
149
ewes should be how old before given the chance to become pregnant
7-8 mo
150
the length of time when the ewe will accept the ram is known as the
estrous period (heat)
151
length of the estrous period (heat)
20-42 hours
152
the period form beginning of one heat to the beginning of the next is called the
estrous cycle
153
how long is the estrous cycle in ewes
16-17 days
154
dropping of the egg from the ovary into the infundibulum of the repro tract
ovulation - occurs during the last 6-10 hrs of the estrous period (heat)
155
progesterone performs the 4 following functions during pregnancy:
1. keeps other ova from being released from ovary (no estrus period)
2. reduces LH production
3. keeps the ewe pregnant
4. stimulates mammary development
156
where is semen deposited
vagina
157
recurring estrous cycles if conception does not occur, but only in certain seasons of year
Oct/Nov normal breeding seasons for ewes
seasonally polyestrus
