Exam #2: Mastering Microbiology Flashcards
Microbial Metabolism, Gene regulation, and Growth
A defined culture medium is designed to meet the needs of a particular type of organism, suppling all of the nutrients the organism needs, including essential biochemicals that the cell cannot synthesize. Based on the following recipe, this defined medium would best support the growth of certain members of what group?
Recipe: 7 g of K2HPO4; 2 g of KH2PO4; 1g of (NH4)2SO4; 0.1g of MgSO4; 0.02g of CaCl2; 10g of glucose; trace elements mix; 1000 mL of distilled water; adjust to pH 7.
A. chemolithotroph
B. chemoorganotroph
C. phototroph
D. autotroph
B. chemoorganotroph
Which statement below demonstrates why the majority of organisms are heterotrophs?
A. The majority of organisms obtain their carbon from organic sources.
B. The majority of organisms conserve energy from inorganic sources.
C. The majority of organisms obtain their carbon from inorganic sources.
D. The majority of organisms conserve energy from inorganic sources and their carbon from organic sources.
A.The majority of organisms obtain their carbon from organic sources.
In metabolism, energy that is not used
A. is stored in the form of ATP.
B. is given off as heat.
C. is used to break down large molecules into smaller ones.
D. is used to build up large compounds from smaller ones.
B. is given off as heat.
The reactions involved in producing larger compounds from smaller compounds is called
A. catabolism.
B. metabolism.
C. anabolism
C. anabolism
Where does the energy required for anabolic reactions come from?
A. Catabolic reactions
B. Heat
C. Unused energy from metabolism
A. Catabolic reactions
The use of amino acids to make proteins
A. involves the production of ATP.
B. is an example of anabolism.
C. is an example of catabolism.
D. is a completely efficient reaction.
B. is an example of anabolism.
Lipases break down
A. lipids.
B. proteins.
C. nucleic acids.
D. carbohydrates.
A. lipids.
The Pentose Phosphate Pathway
A. is a part of photosynthesis.
B. is another name for fermentation.
C. is an example of anabolism.
D. is an example of catabolism.
C. is an example of anabolism.
According to the animation, oxidative phosphorylation
A. is a catabolic process.
B. makes larger compounds from smaller ones.
C. requires a net input of energy.
D. is an anabolic process.
A. is a catabolic process.
According to the animation, the reactions that occur between glucose and pyruvic acid
A. can either be anabolic or catabolic.
B. are only catabolic.
C. are only anabolic.
D. are neither catabolic nor anabolic.
A. can either be anabolic or catabolic.
Part complete
To calculate the free energy (ΔG0′) of a reaction, you can subtract the free energies of formation (Gf0) of the reactants from those of the products. Given the following data, what will be true of this reaction? C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O Gf0 : -917.3 0 -394.4 -237.2
A. The reaction will be exergonic.
B. The reaction will not require a catalyst to proceed.
C. The reaction will be endergonic.
D. The reaction is not balanced, so you cannot calculate the change in free energy
A. The reaction will be exergonic.
The role of an enzyme includes all EXCEPT which of the following?
A. lowering the activation energy of a reaction
B. reducing the rate of a reaction to allow for better control
C. straining chemical bonds in a substrate so that they break easier
D. binding only one specific substrate to the enzyme active site
B. reducing the rate of a reaction to allow for better control
Why do all enzymatic reactions need activation energy?
A. Energy is required to disrupt a substrate’s stable electron configuration.
B. Energy is needed for the enzyme to find its substrate.
C. Energy allows only the substrate to bind.
D. Energy is required by an enzyme so that it can be reused.
A. Energy is required to disrupt a substrate’s stable electron configuration.
What is meant by the statement “Enzymes are biological catalysts”?
A. Enzymes are products of biological systems.
B. Enzymes speed up the chemical reactions in living cells.
C. Enzymes produce products useful for biology.
D. Enzymes produce biological organisms.
B. Enzymes speed up the chemical reactions in living cells.
Why are enzymes important to biological systems?
A. Enzymes increase the energy barrier required of chemical reactions
B. Enzymes decrease the amount of activation energy required for chemical reactions to occur.
C. Enzymes are reuseable.
D. Enzymes prevent unwanted chemical by-products from forming.
B. Enzymes decrease the amount of activation energy required for chemical reactions to occur.
The reduction potential (E0′) of a substance reflects its tendency to donate or accept electrons. The larger the difference (ΔE0′) between the reduction potentials of the electron donor and the electron acceptor, __________.
A. the more enzymes will be required to catalyze the reaction(s)
B. the greater the change in free energy (ΔG0′), and the greater the energy released
C. the greater the change in free energy (ΔG0′), and the less energy is released
D. the closer the substances are on the electron tower
B. the greater the change in free energy (ΔG0′), and the greater the energy released
The function of NAD+/NADH in the cell is best described as __________.
A. a way to increase the types of redox reactions that occur in the cell by acting as an intermediary between dissimilar compounds
B. a way to transport electrons to the mitochondria for energy generation in bacteria
C. a way to transport protons to the plasma membrane for energy generation in bacteria
D. a way to increase the types of redox reactions that occur in the cell by acting as an intermediary between similar compounds
A. a way to increase the types of redox reactions that occur in the cell by acting as an intermediary between dissimilar compounds
A reaction that involves the transfer of electrons from one molecule to another is referred to as
A. a reduction reaction.
B. an oxidation reaction.
C. a redox reaction.
C. a redox reaction.
During an oxidation reaction,
A. the donor molecule loses an electron and becomes oxidized.
B. the donor molecule gains an electron and becomes oxidized.
C. the acceptor molecule gains an electron and becomes oxidized.
D. the acceptor molecule loses an electron and becomes oxidized.
A. the donor molecule loses an electron and becomes oxidized.
Why is reduction the term used to describe the gain of an electron?
A. The number of molecules in the reaction decreases.
B. The amount of energy in the molecule decreases
C. The electron acceptor’s net charge decreases.
D. The electron acceptor gets smaller.
C. The electron acceptor’s net charge decreases.
Part complete
Which of the following statements regarding redox reactions is true?
A. No metabolic reactions are redox reactions.
B. Redox reactions involve an oxidation reaction coupled with a reduction reaction.
C. Redox reactions are only seen in the electron transport chain.
D. Redox reactions must either be oxidizing reactions or reducing reactions.
B. Redox reactions involve an oxidation reaction coupled with a reduction reaction.
Which of the following would NOT be required to grow an autotroph?
A. water
B. potassium phosphate
C. glucose
D. trace elements
C. glucose
Which of the following would be used by a chemoorganotroph for energy?
A. CO2
B. H+
C. C2H3O2-
D. H2
C. C2H3O2-
A chemoorganotroph and a chemolithotroph in the same environment would NOT compete for
A. oxygen.
B. carbon.
C. phosphorous.
D. nitrogen.
B. carbon.
A chemoorganotroph and a photoautotroph in the same environment would NOT compete for
A. nitrogen.
B. oxygen.
C. carbon.
D. carbon and oxygen.
D. carbon and oxygen.
For a carbon source, chemoorganotrophs generally use compounds such as
A. bicarbonate and carbon dioxide.
B. acetate, bicarbonate, and nitrate
C. nitrate and nitrite.
D. acetate, succinate, and glucose.
D. acetate, succinate, and glucose.
The change in Gibbs free energy for a particular reaction is most useful in determining
A. the potential metabolic reaction rate.
B. energy stored in each compound.
C. whether there will be a requirement or production of energy.
D. the amount of energy catalysts required for biosynthesis or catabolism.
C. whether there will be a requirement or production of energy.
If ΔG0 is negative, the reaction is
A. exergonic and requires the input of energy.
B. exergonic and energy will be released.
C. endergonic and energy will be released.
D. endergonic and requires the input of energy.
B. exergonic and energy will be released.
The portion of an enzyme to which substrates bind is referred to as the
A. junction of van der Waals forces.
B. catalytic site
C. substrate complex.
D. active site.
D. active site.
Activation energy is the energy
A. required for a chemical reaction to begin.
B. absorbed as ΔG0 moves from negative to positive.
C. needed by an enzyme to catalyze a reaction without coenzymes.
D. given off as the products in a chemical reaction are formed.
A. required for a chemical reaction to begin.
If an oxidation reaction occurs
A. simultaneous reduction of a different compound will also occur, because electrons do not generally exist alone in solution.
B. another oxidation reaction will occur for a complete reaction, because one oxidation event is considered a half reaction.
C. a cell is undergoing aerobic respiration, because oxygen is being used.
D. a reduction reaction would not occur, because they are opposite reaction mechanisms.
A. simultaneous reduction of a different compound will also occur, because electrons do not generally exist alone in solution.
Due to the number of phosphate groups, ATP has approximately three times more energy stored than AMP, and ADP has approximately two-thirds the energy stored of ATP.
A. True
B. False
B. False
From the standpoint of fermentative microorganisms, the crucial product in glycolysis is
A. CO2; ATP is a waste product.
B. ethanol or lactate; ATP is a waste product.
C. ATP and regenerated NAD+; the fermentation products are waste products.
D. not relevant because glycolysis is not a major pathway.
C. ATP and regenerated NAD+; the fermentation products are waste products
Applying your knowledge of metabolism, glycolysis starts with one molecule of glucose (6C) and produces a net total of __________.
A. one pyruvate; 2 NADH; 2 ATP
B. two pyruvates; 4 NADH; 2 ATP
C. one pyruvate; 2 NADH; 4 ATP
D. two pyruvates; 2 NADH; 2 ATP
D. two pyruvates; 2 NADH; 2 ATP
Why is ATP required for glycolysis?
A. ATP is used to convert PEP into pyruvic acid.
B. ATP makes it easier to break apart glucose into two three-carbon molecules.
C. ATP is used to convert DHAP into G3P.
D. ATP is used to reduce NAD+ to NADH.
B. ATP makes it easier to break apart glucose into two three-carbon molecules.
Glycolysis literally means
A. Embden-Meyerhof.
B. energy producing.
C. sugar producing.
D. sugar splitting.
D. sugar splitting.
How many net ATPs can be made from one molecule of glucose in glycolysis?
A. One
B. Two
C. Six
D. Four
B. Two
What carbon molecules remain at the end of glycolysis?
A. Pyruvic acid
B. Glucose
C. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)
D. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)
A. Pyruvic acid
Which of the following statements about glycolysis is true?
A. Glycolysis produces glucose.
B. Glycolysis is also called the Embden-Meyerhof pathway.
C. Glycolysis is the main source of NADH in the cell.
D. All cells perform glycolysis.
B. Glycolysis is also called the Embden-Meyerhof pathway.
Glycolysis produces energy in which form?
A. Pyruvic acid
B. NADH
C. NADH, ATP, and pyruvic acid
D. ATP
E. NADH and ATP
E. NADH and ATP
Which step is the step for which glycolysis is named?
A. First
B. Second
C. Third
D. Fourth
E. Fifth
F. Sixth
D. Fourth
What is meant by substrate-level phosphorylation?
A. Reduction of NAD+ to NADH
B. Production of ATP using energy from a proton gradient
C. Production of ATP by transferring phosphates directly from metabolic products to ADP
D. Splitting of glucose into two pyruvic acid molecules
C. Production of ATP by transferring phosphates directly from metabolic products to ADP
What is the driving force of energy production in steps 6 and 7?
A. The oxidation of three-carbon compounds
B. The reduction of NAD+ to NADH
C. The energy potential of a proton gradient
D. The reduction of three-carbon compounds
A. The oxidation of three-carbon compounds
What is the net production of ATP in glycolysis?
A. Six ATP
B. Four ATP
C. Two ATP
D. Eight ATP
C. Two ATP
Correctly identify steps occurring in this typical electron transport chain diagram.
- Q- cycle reactions
- Electrons enter the chain from a primary electron donor
- Electrons exit the chain by reducing the terminal electron acceptor (O2)
- When FMH2 reduces an Fe/S protein (an electron-only carrier) protons are extruded
Electron carriers used in electron transport chains are always found in membranes. Which one of the following statements is NOT a reason why electron transport chains are found in membranes?
A. so that they can transport NADH out of the cell to the periplasm
B. so that the electron carriers can be oriented within the membrane such that protons are passed from one side of the membrane to the other
C. So that electron-only carriers can be arranged to alternate with electron-plus-proton carriers in the chain.
D. so that they can efficiently pass electrons in sequence from the carriers with the more negative reduction potentials to those with the more positive reduction potentials
A. so that they can transport NADH out of the cell to the periplasm
The proton motive force (PMF) is driven by __________.
A. the pumping of protons through the plasma membrane
B. the difference in charge across the plasma membrane with electrons outside the membrane
C. the difference in charge across the plasma membrane with protons outside the membrane
D. the pumping of electrons though the plasma membrane
C. the difference in charge across the plasma membrane with protons outside the membrane
Where would you expect to find electron transport chains in a prokaryote?
A. Along the plasma membrane
B. Along the cell wall
C. Free-floating in the cytoplasm
D. Along the inner mitochondrial membrane
E. Along the outer mitochondrial membrane
A. Along the plasma membrane
According to the animation, which compounds provide electrons to the system?
A. FADH2
B. NADH and FADH2
C. NADH
D. Water
E. Oxygen
B. NADH and FADH2
According to the animation, what does oxygen get reduced to at the end of the electron transport chain?
A. Water
B. Protons
C. Electrons
D. ATP
E. NADH
A. Water
According to the animation, what does the electron transport chain do to the concentration of hydrogen ions (protons)?
A. The concentration of protons inside the membrane is equal to the concentration outside of the membrane.
B. The concentration of protons is lower outside the membrane than inside.
C. The concentration of protons is higher outside the membrane than inside.
C. The concentration of protons is higher outside the membrane than inside.