Exam #1: Mastering Biology Flashcards by DeShayla Tran

Although the existence of microorganisms was surmised long before, their discovery depended upon a technological development (the microscope) in order for scientists to:

A. synthesize meaningful theories about the roles of microbes in disease.

B. publish their results.

C. make direct observations of microbes.

D. construct meaningful hypotheses concerning microbial activities.

C. make direct observations of microbes.

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Pasteur’s experiments refuting the theory of spontaneous generation were crucial to the advancement of the field of microbiology because they led to the development of all EXCEPT which of the following?

A. the germ theory of disease

B. optical isomers

C. food preservation

D. sterile technique

B. optical isomers

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Louis Pasteur developed the vaccine(s) for

A. fowl cholera only.

B. anthrax only.

C. rabies only.

D. anthrax, fowl cholera, and rabies.

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The step in Koch’s postulates that most critically enabled him to determine that a particular microbe was the cause, and not an effect, of a particular disease was __________.

A. cells from a pure culture of the suspected pathogen must cause the disease in a healthy susceptible animal

B. the suspected pathogen must be grown in pure culture

C. the suspected pathogen must be present in all cases of the disease and absent from healthy animals

D. the suspected pathogen must be reisolated from the experimentally infected animal and is shown to be the same as the original microbe isolated

A. cells from a pure culture of the suspected pathogen must cause the disease in a healthy susceptible animal

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Part complete

Which of the following best states the germ theory of disease?

A. Only pure cultures of microorganisms cause disease.

B. All microorganisms can cause disease.

C. Something in the air caused healthy people to become sick.

D. Some microorganisms can cause disease.

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Arrange Koch’s postulates in the correct order.

A. pathogen present in all cases of disease; pathogen grown in pure culture; pathogen re-isolated; pathogen able to cause disease in healthy host

B. pathogen grown in pure culture; pathogen present in all cases of disease; pathogen re-isolated; pathogen able to cause disease in healthy host

C. pathogen present in all cases of disease; pathogen able to cause disease in healthy host; pathogen grown in pure culture; pathogen re-isolated

D. pathogen present in all cases of disease; pathogen grown in pure culture; pathogen able to cause disease in healthy host; pathogen re-isolated

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Robert Koch contributed to the field of microbiology by being the first person to

A. develop the tuberculin test, formulate four postulates for definitively linking a specific
microorganism to a specific disease, and use agar as a solidifying agent in growth media.

B. use agar as a solidifying agent in growth media only.

C. formulate four postulates for definitively linking a specific microorganism to a specific disease only.

D. develop the tuberculin test only.

A. develop the tuberculin test, formulate four postulates for definitively linking a specific
microorganism to a specific disease, and use agar as a solidifying agent in growth media.

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Martinus Beijerinck developed the enrichment culture technique to isolate metabolically-distinct microbes from complex natural samples, like soil and water, by manipulating the

A. organism’s genes.

B. medium to be either a solid or a liquid.

C. culture conditions and nutrients.

D. oxygen content of the culture.

C. culture conditions and nutrients.

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Which statement illustrates how the development of enrichment culture techniques by Beijerinck contributed to our knowledge of microbial diversity?

A. Enrichment culture technique allows targeting of specific metabolic groups by using selective nutrients and incubation conditions.

B. Enrichment culture technique allows targeting of specific metabolic groups by using common nutrients but selective incubation conditions.

C. Enrichment culture technique allows targeting of specific metabolic groups by using common nutrients at atmospheric incubation conditions.

D. Enrichment culture technique allows targeting of specific metabolic groups by using selective nutrients at atmospheric incubation conditions

A. Enrichment culture technique allows targeting of specific metabolic groups by using selective nutrients and incubation conditions.

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A pure culture

A. contains one microbial cell.

B. is made of a clearly defined chemical medium.

C. is a population of identical cells.

D. is sterile.

C. is a population of identical cells.

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Hypothesize the most plausible reason why scientists accepted spontaneous generation for so many years.

A. Biology was primarily an observational science for many hundreds of years until the acceptance of the scientific method.

B. Many people believed in life forces that could create life from nonliving matter.

C. Spontaneous generation was based on many hundreds of different observations. Based on the wealth of data, it must be true.

D. Biology was an experimental science from the beginning, and scientists could not falsify spontaneous generation.

A. Biology was primarily an observational science for many hundreds of years until the acceptance of the scientific method.

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Sergei Winogradsky worked with bacteria involved in cycling nitrogen and sulfur.

A. True

B. False

A. True

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The person who described the “wee animalcules” was

A. Louis Pasteur.

B. Ferdinand Cohn.

C. Antoni van Leeuwenhoek.

D. Robert Hooke.

C. Antoni van Leeuwenhoek.

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Morphology

Coccus

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Morphology

Rod

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Morphology

Spirillum

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Morphology

Spirochete

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Morphology

Budding and Appendaged Bacteria

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Morphology

Filamentous Bacteria

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Which statement best illustrates the importance of a high surface-to-volume ratio that is found in

A. If a cell has a high surface-to-volume ratio, the volume of the cell will be much larger than the surface area. There would be enough surface area to get the needed nutrients in and the accumulated waste out.

B. If a cell has a high surface-to-volume ratio, there will NOT be enough surface area to get the needed nutrients in to support cellular metabolism and the accumulated waste out.

C. If a cell has a high surface-to-volume ratio, the volume of the cell will be much larger than the surface area. There would NOT be enough surface area to get the needed nutrients in and the accumulated waste out.

D. If a cell has a high surface-to-volume ratio, there will be enough surface area to get the needed nutrients in to support cellular metabolism and the accumulated waste out.

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If an E. coli cell has a surface area-to-volume (S/V) ratio of 4.5, and a Pelagibacter ubique has an S/V ratio of 22, which cell will be able to exchange nutrients and wastes with the environment more efficiently?

A. Pelagibacter ubique, because its cells are larger

B. E. coli, because its cells are larger

C. Pelagibacter ubique, because its cells are smaller

D. E. coli, because its cells are smaller

C. Pelagibacter ubique, because its cells are smaller

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Identify the pieces of the cytoplasmic membrane correctly.

Hydrophobic groups
Hydrophilic groups
Phospholipids
Intergral membrane proteins

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https://mediaplayer.pearsoncmg.com/assets/secs-microbio-amin-membrane-structure

Integral proteins are mostly involved in

A. transport function.

B. enzymatic function.

C. receptors.

D. recognition sites.

A. transport function

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https://mediaplayer.pearsoncmg.com/assets/secs-microbio-amin-membrane-structure

What makes phospholipid membranes good at keeping some molecules out, and allowing others to freely pass?

A. They are positively charged.

B. They have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions.

C. They are completely hydrophobic.

D. They are completely hydrophilic.

B. They have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions.

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https://mediaplayer.pearsoncmg.com/assets/secs-microbio-amin-membrane-structure How does water enter and exit a cell? A. By use of an integral transport protein B. By use of a peripheral transport protein C. By simple diffusion or by use of an integral transport protein D. By simple diffusion across the membrane

C. By simple diffusion or by use of an integral transport protein

https://mediaplayer.pearsoncmg.com/assets/secs-microbio-amin-membrane-structure A glycoprotein A. can be used in enzymatic functions. B. is a type of peripheral protein. C. is a type of peripheral protein above that can be used as a receptor or in enzymatic functions. D. can be used as a receptor.

C. is a type of peripheral protein above that can be used as a receptor or in enzymatic functions.

Which is valid cell morphology? A. spirochete B. icosahedral C. triangular D. square

A. spirochete

Compared to Eukaryotes, Bacteria and Archaea have ________ surface-to-volume ratios, causing ________ nutrient exchange. A. higher / higher B. higher / lower C. lower / higher D. lower / lower

A. higher / higher

Transport proteins located in the cytoplasmic membrane are necessary when A. the level of nutrients in nature is very low. B. diffusion will not allow adequate amounts of a substance to enter the cell. C. nutrient concentration is very low in the environment, is higher inside of the cell, or diffusion is not possible. D. movement into the cell is against a concentration gradient.

C. nutrient concentration is very low in the environment, is higher inside of the cell, or diffusion is not possible.

Given that the cytoplasmic membrane has a fluid dynamic nature, with phospholipids and proteins able to move about within the bilayer structure, what force or structure keeps the membrane from falling apart? A. rigid sterol lipids B. the proton motive force C. hydrophilic/hydrophobic forces D. osmosis

C. hydrophilic/hydrophobic forces

The lipids in the cytoplasmic membrane of Bacteria and ________ contain ester linkages, while the cytoplasmic membrane of ________ contain ether linkages. A. Archaea / Eukarya B. Archaea / fung C. Eukarya / prokaryotes D. Eukarya / Archaea

D. Eukarya / Archaea

The cytoplasmic membrane is termed "semi-permeable" because some substances, like water and alcohols, can pass freely through while others, like sugars, amino acids, and ions, cannot. What molecular characteristics largely determine whether or not a substance can pass through the membrane? A. osmolarity B. usefulness to the cell C. organic versus inorganic molecules D. size and hydrophobicity

D. size and hydrophobicity

Transport proteins can become saturated with solute, have specificity for certain substances, undergo conformational (shape) changes, and are regulated by the cell. What other type of cellular proteins have these four general characteristics? A. enzymes B. porins C. ribosomes D. flagella

A. enzymes

Identify which of the following is a major function of the cytoplasmic membrane. A. energy conservation B. rigid shape defining layer C. impermeable barrier D. anchor for carbohydrates

A. energy conservation

Transport proteins (transporters) require energy expenditure for each molecule of substrate transported. The reason for this energy requirement is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. the solute must be transported against a concentration gradient B. the solute must be forced through the hydrophobic membrane C. the conformational shape of the solute must be changed during transport D. the solute must be chemically altered

A. the solute must be transported against a concentration gradient

The morphology of a cell influences its A. motility. B. motility and surface-to-volume ratio. C. metabolism. D. surface-to-volume ratio.

B. motility and surface-to-volume ratio.

Label the parts of the Gram-positive cell wall and its associated nearby structure(s). * Peptidogylcan * Teichoic Acid * Wall-Associated Protein * Lipoteichoic Acid * Cytoplasmic Membrane

Staining increases the visible contrast of cells compared with the background. Because the Gram stain results in some types of bacteria staining purple and other types appearing pink, this is called __________ stain. A. a counter stain B. an endospore C. a differential D. a basic dye

C. a differential

The main functions of the bacterial cell wall include all of the following EXCEPT \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. anchoring wall-associated proteins B. conferring a specific shape to the cell C. actively transporting solutes against the concentration gradient D. resisting cell lysis due to osmotic forces

C. actively transporting solutes against the concentration gradient

The enzyme lysozyme kills bacterial cells by cleaving the β-1,4-glycosidic bonds in the peptidoglycan. This leads to which of the following? A. lysis of the cell due to the same mechanism used by penicillin B. out of control cell growth C. breaches of the cell wall and cell lysis due to osmotic swelling D. the inability of the cell to grow and divide

C. breaches of the cell wall and cell lysis due to osmotic swelling

The peptide interbridge crosslinking between peptidoglycan layers is found ONLY in the cell walls of A. gram-positive Bacteria. B. Eukarya. C. gram-negative Bacteria. D. Archaea.

A. gram-positive Bacteria.

Label the parts of the Gram-negative cell wall and its associated nearby structure(s). * Core Polysaccharide * Phospholipid * Lipopolysaccharied (LPS) * O-Specific Polysaccharide * Lipid A * Braun lipoprotein

An endotoxin is A. a toxin produced in the periplasm of most bacteria. B. a toxin produced within archaeal cells. C. the toxic portion of the LPS. D. a toxin known for its primary attack on the epidermis of mammals.

C. the toxic portion of the LPS.

Hydrolytic enzymes function in the A. regeneration of the periplasm. B. transport of substrates within the cell. C. initial degradation of nutrients. D. chemotactic response, particularly in gram-negative Bacteria.

C. initial degradation of nutrients.

Based on your knowledge of porins from the chapter, what is the best description of the specific type of porin called an aquaporin? A. molecules that prevent water from crossing a membrane B. enzymes involved in the generation of water within cells C. cations bound to water molecules D. water transport protein

D. water transport protein

Although the inner leaflet of the gram-negative outer membrane is composed mainly of phospholipids, the outer leaflet of the outer membrane contains A. pseudopeptidoglycans. B. poly-β-hydroxybutyric acids (PHB). C. lipoteichoic acids. D. lipopolysaccharides (LPS)

D. lipopolysaccharides (LPS)

Some of the intestinal symptoms elicited by pathogens such as Salmonella, Shigella, and Escherichia are due to the presence of A. pseudomurein. B. S-layers. C. lipopolysaccharides. D. peptidoglycan.

C. lipopolysaccharides.

The prokaryotic transport system that involves a substrate-binding protein, a membrane-integrated transporter, and an ATP-hydrolyzing protein is A. simple transport. B. symport. C. group translocation. D. the ABC transport system.

D. the ABC transport system.

ATP-binding cassette transport systems have high substrate affinity and thus help microorganisms survive in low nutrient environments. A. True B. False

A. True

https://mediaplayer.pearsoncmg.com/assets/secs-microbio-amin-active-transport ## Footnote Why is ATP necessary for active transport? A. ATP is in higher concentrations inside of the cell. B. ATP is an important structural element of transport proteins. C. ATP provides energy to transfer material against its concentration gradient. D. ATP is a constituent of the electrochemical gradient.

C. ATP provides energy to transfer material against its concentration gradient.

https://mediaplayer.pearsoncmg.com/assets/secs-microbio-amin-active-transport Which type of active transport protein moves two molecules into the cell at the same time? A. Uniport B. Antiport C. Symport D. Antiport and Symport E. Uniport, Symport, and Antiport

C. Symport

https://mediaplayer.pearsoncmg.com/assets/secs-microbio-amin-active-transport ## Footnote Which transport protein employs transporters that move molecules only in one direction? A. Uniport B. Uniport, Antiport, and Symport C. Uniport and Symport D. Antiport E. Symport F. Uniport and Antiport

C. Uniport and Symport

https://mediaplayer.pearsoncmg.com/assets/secs-microbio-amin-active-transport Which molecule shown in the animation, the square or the circle, is moving against its concentration gradient? A. The circle B. The square C. Neither; they are both moving with their respective concentration gradients. D. Both the circle and the square

D. Both the circle and the square

https://mediaplayer.pearsoncmg.com/assets/secs-microbio-amin-active-transport ## Footnote Which type of active transport protein uses one protein to pump two different molecules? A. Antiport B. Antiport and Symport C. Symport D. Uniport E. Uniport, Antiport, and Symport

B. Antiport and Symport

https://mediaplayer.pearsoncmg.com/assets/secs-microbio-amin-passive-special ## Footnote How is osmosis different from simple diffusion? A. Water requires a special permease. B. Water cannot pass freely across the membrane. C. Water movement is driven by the concentration of solutes rather than its own concentration. D. Water requires energy to move across a cytoplasmic membrane.

C. Water movement is driven by the concentration of solutes rather than its own concentration.

https://mediaplayer.pearsoncmg.com/assets/secs-microbio-amin-passive-special ## Footnote Nonspecific permeases A. are not used for passive transport. B. allow a variety of molecules to cross the cytoplasmic membrane. C. allow only water to cross the cytoplasmic membrane. D. allow only one type of solute to pass through the membrane.

B. allow a variety of molecules to cross the cytoplasmic membrane.

https://mediaplayer.pearsoncmg.com/assets/secs-microbio-amin-passive-special What will happen to a cell that is placed in a solution containing a high concentration of sugar, a molecule that cannot pass across the cell membrane? A. The cell will pump the salt in the cytoplasm out of the cell via simple diffusion B. The cell will lose its interior water, causing it to shrivel up and possibly die. C. The cell will swell up with water and burst.

B. The cell will lose its interior water, causing it to shrivel up and possibly die.

https://mediaplayer.pearsoncmg.com/assets/secs-microbio-amin-passive-special ## Footnote How is simple diffusion different from other types of passive transport? A. Simple diffusion does not require a permease. B. Simple diffusion requires ATP. C. Simple diffusion is only the diffusion of water. D. Simple diffusion only brings material into the cell, not out of it.

A. Simple diffusion does not require a permease.

Explain why the presence of a capsule or slime layer would benefit a bacterial cell A. These outer layers can aid in attachment to solid surfaces. B. These outer layers can help the immune system recognize foreign organisms. C. These outer layers prevent water from entering the cell, causing rapid dehydration. D. These outer layers can prevent added virulence during a bacterial infection.

A. These outer layers can aid in attachment to solid surfaces.

Predict why dipicolinic acid is only found in endospores and not vegetative cells. A. It binds free water and aids in dehydration, which would be detrimental to vegetative cells B. It binds to calcium ions to destabilize DNA at room temperature. C. It binds free water and aids in transporting that water into vegetative cells, which would be detrimental to endospores. D. It binds to calcium ions to stabilize DNA at room temperatures.

A. It binds free water and aids in dehydration, which would be detrimental to vegetative cells

Part complete Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. Hami are common in Bacteria but not found in Archaea. B. Fimbriae are usually shorter than flagella whereas pili are involved in genetic exchange. C. Fimbriae are involved in genetic exchange between cells. D. Fimbriae are generally longer and less numerous than flagella.

B. Fimbriae are usually shorter than flagella whereas pili are involved in genetic exchange.

Based on the table of attributes given below, which of the following statements are FALSE about the two organisms? * Characteristic Bacterium A Bacterium B * Endospore formation yes no * Capsule no yes * Type IV pili yes no * Flagella no no * Morphology bacillus bacillus A. Bacterium B is likely to exhibit motility. B. Bacterium A is more resistant to heat and ultraviolet light. C. Both bacteria may attach to surfaces. D. Bacterium B likely forms a slime layer better than Bacterium A.

A. Bacterium B is likely to exhibit motility.

Type IV pili are involved in A. pathogenesis. B. attachment to surfaces, twitching motility, and pathogenesis. C. twitching motility. D. attachment of cells to surfaces

B. attachment to surfaces, twitching motility, and pathogenesis.

Cellular inclusions in prokaryotic cells serve to A. store energy rich compounds and position cells in the appropriate environment for survival. B. store energy rich compounds. C. protect DNA. D. position cells in the appropriate environment for survival.

A. store energy rich compounds and position cells in the appropriate environment for survival.

In general, most cell inclusions function as energy reserves or as a reservoir of structural building blocks. A. True B. False

A. True

Poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid (PHB) is a carbon- and energy-storing polymer. A. True B. False

A. True

The membrane of a gas vesicle is composed of A. proteins. B. various phospholipids. C. carbohydrates. D. both glycoproteins and phospholipids.

A. proteins.

Using phase contrast microscopy on a wet mount of live cells, you observe motile bacilli moving rapidly and randomly through the field of view, changing directions after a brief tumble and taking off in a different direction. These cells are exhibiting ________ motility. A. gliding B. swimming C. twitching D. twitching or gliding

B. swimming

Which of the following statements is FALSE? A. In flagellar motion, the basal body acts as a motor. B. A flagellar protein subunit is flagellin. C. The hook is the wider region at the base of the flagellum. D. Flagellar rotation generates ATP.

D. Flagellar rotation generates ATP.

https://mediaplayer.pearsoncmg.com/assets/secs-microbio-amin-flagella-arrangement ## Footnote Tumbles occur when A. the flagella rotate clockwise. B. the flagella stop rotating. C. the flagella undulate. D. the flagella rotate counterclockwise.

A. the flagella rotate clockwise.

https://mediaplayer.pearsoncmg.com/assets/secs-microbio-amin-flagella-arrangement Which of the following types of bacterial cells would have only a single flagellum? A. Lophotrichous and monotrichous B. Monotrichous C. Lophotrichous D. Peritrichous E. Amphitrichous

B. Monotrichous

https://mediaplayer.pearsoncmg.com/assets/secs-microbio-amin-flagella-arrangement ## Footnote Peritrichous bacteria make a run when A. the flagella turn counterclockwise and separate. B. the flagella turn clockwise and become bundled. C. the flagella turn clockwise and separate. D. the flagella turn counterclockwise and become bundled.

D. the flagella turn counterclockwise and become bundled.

https://mediaplayer.pearsoncmg.com/assets/secs-microbio-amin-flagella-arrangement Which of the following types of bacterial cells would have flagella located at only one end of the cell? A. Lophotrichous and monotrichous B. Lophotrichous C. Monotrichous D. Monotrichous and amphitrichous E. Amphitrichous F. Peritrichous

A. Lophotrichous and monotrichous

https://mediaplayer.pearsoncmg.com/assets/secs-microbio-amin-flagella-movement ## Footnote Which of the following statements about bacterial flagella is true? A. Flagella work by undulating. B. Bacteria can only rotate flagella counterclockwise. C. Bacteria can only rotate flagella clockwise. B. Flagella can rotate 360 degrees.

B. Flagella can rotate 360 degrees.

https://mediaplayer.pearsoncmg.com/assets/secs-microbio-amin-flagella-movement Taxis is A. another term for bacterial tumbling. B. caused by the undulating motion of a bacterium. C. movement towards or away from a stimulus. D. another word for stimulus.

C. movement towards or away from a stimulus.

https://mediaplayer.pearsoncmg.com/assets/secs-microbio-amin-flagella-movement ## Footnote Which of the following terms refers to a bacterium moving towards a light source? A. Negative chemotaxis B. Positive phototaxis C. Positive chemotaxis D. Negative phototaxis

B. Positive phototaxis

https://mediaplayer.pearsoncmg.com/assets/secs-microbio-amin-flagella-movement As a bacterium approaches a food source, one would expect A. flagella to rotate clockwise more frequently. B. runs to become more frequent. C. flagella to stop spinning. D. tumbles to become more frequent.

B. runs to become more frequent.

https://mediaplayer.pearsoncmg.com/assets/secs-microbio-amin-flagella-movement Part complete Why are receptors on the cell surface necessary for bacterial movement? A. The bacterium contains receptors that are sensitive to light. B. The receptors actually spin the flagella. C. The receptors physically alter shape to steer the bacterium. D. The receptors sense the stimulus and send signals to the flagella.

D. The receptors sense the stimulus and send signals to the flagella.

https://mediaplayer.pearsoncmg.com/assets/secs-microbio-amin-motility ## Footnote Which of the following scenarios is an example of bacterial motility? A. A bacterium being removed from the skin during hand washing B. A bacterium moving towards a food source C. A bacterium traveling through the air from a sneeze

B. A bacterium moving towards a food source

https://mediaplayer.pearsoncmg.com/assets/secs-microbio-amin-motility Axial filaments are found on A. streptococci. B. rod-shaped bacilli. C. staphylococci. D. spirochetes.

D. spirochetes.

The terms "run" and "tumble" are generally associated with A. eukaryotic cells. B. clustering of certain rod-shaped bacteria. C. nutrient transport. D. chemotaxis.

D. chemotaxis.

Chemotaxis is a sensory response affecting the rotational direction of the flagellar motor. A. True B. False

A. True

Photoreceptors are analogous to chemoreceptors in that they are both proteinaceous sensors. A. True B. False

A. True

The function of a kinase is A. glycosylation. B. methylation. C. phosphorylation. D. response regulation.

C. phosphorylation.

Phosphorylation of ________ regulates which direction a flagellum rotates, thus controlling whether an organism runs or tumbles. A. CheY B. CheAW C. CheB D. CheZ

A. CheY

Once cytoplasmic sensor proteins involved in chemotaxis regulation are phosphorylated, a cascade of other phosphate-transferring mechanisms provides ATP to rotate flagella. A. True B. False

B. False

The small size of prokaryotic cells limits their ability to respond to spatial gradients of a chemical. A. True B. False

A. True

Adaptation is based on the level of phosphorylation of MCPs. A. True B. False

B. False

During chemotaxis, attractants increase the rate of autophosphorylation, whereas repellants decrease this rate. A. True B. False

B. False

Exam #1: Mastering Biology Flashcards

History and Cell Structure