Exam #1: Mastering Biology Flashcards
History and Cell Structure
Although the existence of microorganisms was surmised long before, their discovery depended upon a technological development (the microscope) in order for scientists to:
A. synthesize meaningful theories about the roles of microbes in disease.
B. publish their results.
C. make direct observations of microbes.
D. construct meaningful hypotheses concerning microbial activities.
C. make direct observations of microbes.
Pasteur’s experiments refuting the theory of spontaneous generation were crucial to the advancement of the field of microbiology because they led to the development of all EXCEPT which of the following?
A. the germ theory of disease
B. optical isomers
C. food preservation
D. sterile technique
B. optical isomers
Louis Pasteur developed the vaccine(s) for
A. fowl cholera only.
B. anthrax only.
C. rabies only.
D. anthrax, fowl cholera, and rabies.
D. anthrax, fowl cholera, and rabies.
The step in Koch’s postulates that most critically enabled him to determine that a particular microbe was the cause, and not an effect, of a particular disease was __________.
A. cells from a pure culture of the suspected pathogen must cause the disease in a healthy susceptible animal
B. the suspected pathogen must be grown in pure culture
C. the suspected pathogen must be present in all cases of the disease and absent from healthy animals
D. the suspected pathogen must be reisolated from the experimentally infected animal and is shown to be the same as the original microbe isolated
A. cells from a pure culture of the suspected pathogen must cause the disease in a healthy susceptible animal
Part complete
Which of the following best states the germ theory of disease?
A. Only pure cultures of microorganisms cause disease.
B. All microorganisms can cause disease.
C. Something in the air caused healthy people to become sick.
D. Some microorganisms can cause disease.
D. Some microorganisms can cause disease.
Arrange Koch’s postulates in the correct order.
A. pathogen present in all cases of disease; pathogen grown in pure culture; pathogen re-isolated; pathogen able to cause disease in healthy host
B. pathogen grown in pure culture; pathogen present in all cases of disease; pathogen re-isolated; pathogen able to cause disease in healthy host
C. pathogen present in all cases of disease; pathogen able to cause disease in healthy host; pathogen grown in pure culture; pathogen re-isolated
D. pathogen present in all cases of disease; pathogen grown in pure culture; pathogen able to cause disease in healthy host; pathogen re-isolated
D. pathogen present in all cases of disease; pathogen grown in pure culture; pathogen able to cause disease in healthy host; pathogen re-isolated
Robert Koch contributed to the field of microbiology by being the first person to
A. develop the tuberculin test, formulate four postulates for definitively linking a specific
microorganism to a specific disease, and use agar as a solidifying agent in growth media.
B. use agar as a solidifying agent in growth media only.
C. formulate four postulates for definitively linking a specific microorganism to a specific disease only.
D. develop the tuberculin test only.
A. develop the tuberculin test, formulate four postulates for definitively linking a specific
microorganism to a specific disease, and use agar as a solidifying agent in growth media.
Martinus Beijerinck developed the enrichment culture technique to isolate metabolically-distinct microbes from complex natural samples, like soil and water, by manipulating the
A. organism’s genes.
B. medium to be either a solid or a liquid.
C. culture conditions and nutrients.
D. oxygen content of the culture.
C. culture conditions and nutrients.
Which statement illustrates how the development of enrichment culture techniques by Beijerinck contributed to our knowledge of microbial diversity?
A. Enrichment culture technique allows targeting of specific metabolic groups by using selective nutrients and incubation conditions.
B. Enrichment culture technique allows targeting of specific metabolic groups by using common nutrients but selective incubation conditions.
C. Enrichment culture technique allows targeting of specific metabolic groups by using common nutrients at atmospheric incubation conditions.
D. Enrichment culture technique allows targeting of specific metabolic groups by using selective nutrients at atmospheric incubation conditions
A. Enrichment culture technique allows targeting of specific metabolic groups by using selective nutrients and incubation conditions.
A pure culture
A. contains one microbial cell.
B. is made of a clearly defined chemical medium.
C. is a population of identical cells.
D. is sterile.
C. is a population of identical cells.
Hypothesize the most plausible reason why scientists accepted spontaneous generation for so many years.
A. Biology was primarily an observational science for many hundreds of years until the acceptance of the scientific method.
B. Many people believed in life forces that could create life from nonliving matter.
C. Spontaneous generation was based on many hundreds of different observations. Based on the wealth of data, it must be true.
D. Biology was an experimental science from the beginning, and scientists could not falsify spontaneous generation.
A. Biology was primarily an observational science for many hundreds of years until the acceptance of the scientific method.
Sergei Winogradsky worked with bacteria involved in cycling nitrogen and sulfur.
A. True
B. False
A. True
The person who described the “wee animalcules” was
A. Louis Pasteur.
B. Ferdinand Cohn.
C. Antoni van Leeuwenhoek.
D. Robert Hooke.
C. Antoni van Leeuwenhoek.
Morphology
Coccus
Morphology
Rod
Morphology
Spirillum
Morphology
Spirochete
Morphology
Budding and Appendaged Bacteria
Morphology
Filamentous Bacteria
Which statement best illustrates the importance of a high surface-to-volume ratio that is found in
A. If a cell has a high surface-to-volume ratio, the volume of the cell will be much larger than the surface area. There would be enough surface area to get the needed nutrients in and the accumulated waste out.
B. If a cell has a high surface-to-volume ratio, there will NOT be enough surface area to get the needed nutrients in to support cellular metabolism and the accumulated waste out.
C. If a cell has a high surface-to-volume ratio, the volume of the cell will be much larger than the surface area. There would NOT be enough surface area to get the needed nutrients in and the accumulated waste out.
D. If a cell has a high surface-to-volume ratio, there will be enough surface area to get the needed nutrients in to support cellular metabolism and the accumulated waste out.
D. If a cell has a high surface-to-volume ratio, there will be enough surface area to get the needed nutrients in to support cellular metabolism and the accumulated waste out.
If an E. coli cell has a surface area-to-volume (S/V) ratio of 4.5, and a Pelagibacter ubique has an S/V ratio of 22, which cell will be able to exchange nutrients and wastes with the environment more efficiently?
A. Pelagibacter ubique, because its cells are larger
B. E. coli, because its cells are larger
C. Pelagibacter ubique, because its cells are smaller
D. E. coli, because its cells are smaller
C. Pelagibacter ubique, because its cells are smaller
Identify the pieces of the cytoplasmic membrane correctly.
- Hydrophobic groups
- Hydrophilic groups
- Phospholipids
- Intergral membrane proteins
https://mediaplayer.pearsoncmg.com/assets/secs-microbio-amin-membrane-structure
Integral proteins are mostly involved in
A. transport function.
B. enzymatic function.
C. receptors.
D. recognition sites.
A. transport function
https://mediaplayer.pearsoncmg.com/assets/secs-microbio-amin-membrane-structure
What makes phospholipid membranes good at keeping some molecules out, and allowing others to freely pass?
A. They are positively charged.
B. They have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions.
C. They are completely hydrophobic.
D. They are completely hydrophilic.
B. They have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions.
https://mediaplayer.pearsoncmg.com/assets/secs-microbio-amin-membrane-structure
How does water enter and exit a cell?
A. By use of an integral transport protein
B. By use of a peripheral transport protein
C. By simple diffusion or by use of an integral transport protein
D. By simple diffusion across the membrane
C. By simple diffusion or by use of an integral transport protein
https://mediaplayer.pearsoncmg.com/assets/secs-microbio-amin-membrane-structure
A glycoprotein
A. can be used in enzymatic functions.
B. is a type of peripheral protein.
C. is a type of peripheral protein above that can be used as a receptor or in enzymatic functions.
D. can be used as a receptor.
C. is a type of peripheral protein above that can be used as a receptor or in enzymatic functions.
Which is valid cell morphology?
A. spirochete
B. icosahedral
C. triangular
D. square
A. spirochete
Compared to Eukaryotes, Bacteria and Archaea have ________ surface-to-volume ratios, causing ________ nutrient exchange.
A. higher / higher
B. higher / lower
C. lower / higher
D. lower / lower
A. higher / higher
Transport proteins located in the cytoplasmic membrane are necessary when
A. the level of nutrients in nature is very low.
B. diffusion will not allow adequate amounts of a substance to enter the cell.
C. nutrient concentration is very low in the environment, is higher inside of the cell, or diffusion is not possible.
D. movement into the cell is against a concentration gradient.
C. nutrient concentration is very low in the environment, is higher inside of the cell, or diffusion is not possible.
Given that the cytoplasmic membrane has a fluid dynamic nature, with phospholipids and proteins able to move about within the bilayer structure, what force or structure keeps the membrane from falling apart?
A. rigid sterol lipids
B. the proton motive force
C. hydrophilic/hydrophobic forces
D. osmosis
C. hydrophilic/hydrophobic forces
The lipids in the cytoplasmic membrane of Bacteria and ________ contain ester linkages, while the cytoplasmic membrane of ________ contain ether linkages.
A. Archaea / Eukarya
B. Archaea / fung
C. Eukarya / prokaryotes
D. Eukarya / Archaea
D. Eukarya / Archaea
The cytoplasmic membrane is termed “semi-permeable” because some substances, like water and alcohols, can pass freely through while others, like sugars, amino acids, and ions, cannot. What molecular characteristics largely determine whether or not a substance can pass through the membrane?
A. osmolarity
B. usefulness to the cell
C. organic versus inorganic molecules
D. size and hydrophobicity
D. size and hydrophobicity
Transport proteins can become saturated with solute, have specificity for certain substances, undergo conformational (shape) changes, and are regulated by the cell. What other type of cellular proteins have these four general characteristics?
A. enzymes
B. porins
C. ribosomes
D. flagella
A. enzymes
Identify which of the following is a major function of the cytoplasmic membrane.
A. energy conservation
B. rigid shape defining layer
C. impermeable barrier
D. anchor for carbohydrates
A. energy conservation
Transport proteins (transporters) require energy expenditure for each molecule of substrate transported. The reason for this energy requirement is __________.
A. the solute must be transported against a concentration gradient
B. the solute must be forced through the hydrophobic membrane
C. the conformational shape of the solute must be changed during transport
D. the solute must be chemically altered
A. the solute must be transported against a concentration gradient
Label the parts of the Gram-positive cell wall and its associated nearby structure(s).
- Peptidogylcan
- Teichoic Acid
- Wall-Associated Protein
- Lipoteichoic Acid
- Cytoplasmic Membrane
Label the parts of the Gram-negative cell wall and its associated nearby structure(s).
- Core Polysaccharide
- Phospholipid
- Lipopolysaccharied (LPS)
- O-Specific Polysaccharide
- Lipid A
- Braun lipoprotein
