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Patho > Exam 2 - Male > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Male Flashcards

1
Q

Single plaque located on the shaft
Localized to epithelium
No stromal involvement

A

Bowen disease/Squamous cell carcinoma in situ

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2
Q

Cancer on Prepuce or glans

A

Erythroplasia of Queyrat/Squamous cell carcinoma in situ

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3
Q

Crusted, ulcerated raised lesion
Irregular margins
Prepuce or glans

A

Invasive squamous cell carcinoma

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4
Q

Most common cause of scrotal enlargement

A

Hydrocele

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5
Q

Absent scrotal ligament

can cause?

A

Testicular torsion

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6
Q

Inflammation of the epididymis
Reflux of contaminated urine through the prostatic urethra → ejaculatory duct

Cremasteric reflex is not altered

A

Epididymitis

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7
Q

Most common cancer 15-34 y/o (Painless, testicular enlargement)

A

Testicular Cancer

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8
Q

2 risks of testicular cancer

A
  1. Cryptorchidism 3-5X increased risk

2. Isochromosome short arm of 12, (i12p)

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9
Q

is noted for large nuclei with prominently staining nucleoli, large cells with clear cytoplasm, and a lack of spermatogenesis.

The precursor to most germ cell tumors of the testes.

A

Intratubular Germ Cell Neoplasia (IGCN)

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10
Q

Most common GCT (Germ Cell Tumor), not seen in infants

Adults (4th-5th decade)

A

Seminoma

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11
Q

Most common non-seminoma (GCT)

Adults (2nd to 3rd decade)

A

Embryonal carcinoma

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12
Q

Aggressive adult cancer (small palpable nodule(s); No test. enlargement)
Contain both syncytiotrophoblasts and cytotrophoblasts germ cells
Elevated hCG (100%)
Metastasis to lung and brain (5 year survival = 5%)

A

Choriocarcinomas

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13
Q

Contain somatic cells from all three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

A

Teratoma

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14
Q

Infants/children (usually ≤2 yo)
Schiller-Duvall bodies
Elevated AFP (90%)

A

Yolk Sac Tumor

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15
Q

Most common disorder of prostate < 50 yo

3rd most common > 50 yo

A

Prostatitis

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16
Q

Excessive growth of the epithelium and stroma of the prostate
Transition zone of the prostate

A

BPH

17
Q

3 steps of pathophysiology of BPH

A

1.Androgen driven excessive growth of prostatic epithelium and stroma
5DHT

  1. Androgens bind receptors and are translocated to nucleus
  2. Increased transcription of proliferative and anti-apoptotic genes
18
Q

Most common cancer in adult men in the U.S.

A

Prostate cancer

19
Q

These Start from HGPIN (high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia)

A

Adenocarcinomas (prostate cancer)

20
Q

4 factors that are considered pathogenesis of prostate disorders

A
  1. Androgens/Androgen receptor
  2. Heritable mutations
  3. Somatic mutations
  4. Environment
21
Q

Heredity prostate cancer 1 gene
RNaseL
-Germ-line mutation

A

1q24-q25 (HPC-1)

22
Q

Enhancers for Myc
Long non-coding RNA’s
-Germ-line mutation

A

8q24 (African-Americans)

23
Q

a latent ribonuclease that is activated by interferons in response to viral infection. The normal role of this is to degrade viral RNA inducing apoptosis as part of the innate immune response to viral infection.

A

RNaseL

24
Q

is a gene that encodes for a nuclear transcription factor involved in cell cycle progression. The overexpression of the transcription factor results in the expression of proteins involved in cell proliferation.

A

Myc

25
Q

6 causes of hydrocele

A 
1.Congenital (< 2 yo)
Patent processus vaginalis
2.Local trauma
3.Infections
4.Tumors
5.Radiotherapy
6.Idiopathic
26
Q

Recognize the underlying mechanisms of epididymitis

A
  1. Sexually active men (14-35)
    - Chlamydia trachomatis
    - Neisseria gonorrheae
    - E.coli
  2. Older than 35
    - Urinary tract obstructions
    - E. coli
  3. Mumps orchitis
    - Fever, myalgia
    - 3-5 days post parodititis
  4. Histology
    -Non-specific
    >Tender, swollen
    >Histology neutrophils
    -Mumps
    >Edematous, congested
    lymphocytes
    -Granulomatous
    >TB
    >Caseous Necrosis
27
Q

Recall the association between cryptorchidism and testicular cancer

A

3-5X increased risk

28
Q

Differentiate between germ cell tumors and stromal tumors of the testes

A 
*Germ cell cancers (95%)
>>Seminomas (50%)
>>Non-seminomas
      -Embryonal
      -Choriocarcinoma
      -Yolk sac tumors
      -Teratomas

*Non-germ cell cancers (cord or stromal) – usually benign
»Sertoli
»Leydig

29
Q

Identify the causes of prostatitis

A 
1.Acute Bacterial
>>Intraprostatic urinary reflux
>>Ascending urethral infection
>>Direct spread or lymphatic spread from rectum
>>Hematogenous spread

2.Chronic Bacterial
»Recurrent UTI’s
»Prostatic stones
»Bladder outlet obstruction with reflux

3.Pelvic Pain Syndrome (non-bacterial)

4.Chronic, Non-bacterial
Inflammatory

5.Non-inflammatory

Patho (4 decks)

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