Exam 2- Lifespan

Question 1

Suggestions to raising a healthy child

Answer 1

1. consistent consequences
2. love
3. be a good role model

Question 2

5:1 ratio

Answer 2

ratio of positive to negative experiences in a family

Question 3

consequences

Answer 3

what you want your child to do, reward it. What you don’t want them to do, punish or ignore it.

Question 4

rewards

Answer 4

material (toys, candy, $), activity (T.V., sports), and social (praise, eyecontact, nagging, scolding); may be applied intermittently.

Question 5

punishment

Answer 5

time out, response cost: must be applied at least 90% of the time to be effective

Question 6

ignoring

Answer 6

used for tantrums

Question 7

event horizon

Answer 7

foreshadowing evetns at different ages. 3 yo (now), 6 yo (day), 15 yo (week), 20 yo (year), 42 yo (decade).

Question 8

beta commands

Answer 8

1. question
2. let’s
3. string
4. vague

Question 9

alpha commands

Answer 9

First level- eye contact and demand
Second level- eye contact, demand + consequence
Third level- consequence is given

Question 10

Kohlberg’s model of moral development

Answer 10

Preconventional- Birth to ages 6/7
Conventional- 8 to adulthood
Postconventional- adulthood and beyond

Question 11

Preconventional stage of Kohlberg’s Model

Answer 11

Obtaining rewards and avoiding punishments

Question 12

Conventional stage of Kohlberg’s Model

Answer 12

Social approval from others, obeying rules & laws

Question 13

Autonomous moral stage of Kohlberg’s model

Answer 13

Universal ethical principles

Question 14

Cognitive structures

Answer 14

mental representations and rules that are used for understanding and dealing with the world

Question 15

schemata

Answer 15

rules for behavior

Question 16

concepts

Answer 16

rules for objects

Question 17

assimilation

Answer 17

new concepts are cognitively attached to old schemata

Question 18

disequilibrium

Answer 18

new concepts don’t work with old schemata

Question 19

accommodation

Answer 19

a new schemata is developed to fit a new concept

Question 20

Piaget’s model of cognitive development

Answer 20

Sensorimotor permanance- birth to 2
Preoperational- 2 to 6/7
Concrete operational- 6/7 to 11
Formal operational- 11 and up

Question 21

Sensorimotor permanance stage of piaget’s model

Answer 21

ability to understand that objects and people continue to exist even when they can’t see them

Question 22

preoperational stage of piaget’s model

Answer 22

young children are able to think about things symbolically

Question 23

concrete operational stage of piaget’s model

Answer 23

thinking in this stage is characterized by logical operations, such as conservation, reversibility or classification, allowing logical reasoning

Question 24

formal operational stage of piaget’s model

Answer 24

characterized by the ability to formulatehypotheses and systematically test them to arrive at an answer to a problem.

Question 25

bowlby’s 4 stages of attachment

Answer 25

1.secure
2.avoidant
3.ambivalent
4.disorganized

Question 26

3 types of rewards

Answer 26

1. social
   2.activity
   3.material

Question 27

what was found in the brains of people diagnosed with alzheimers?

Answer 27

twisted axon terminals

Question 28

object permanence

Answer 28

understanding that items and people still exist even when you can’t see or hear them.

Question 29

pre conventional morality

Answer 29

Right or wrong, both decisions were based on what would physically happen to the man as a result of the act.

Question 30

conventional morality

Answer 30

characterized by an acceptance of society’s conventions concerning right and wrong. At this level an individual obeys rules and follows society’s norms even when there are no consequences for obedience or disobedience.

Question 31

autonomous morality

Answer 31

the capacity to deliberate and to give oneself the moral law, rather than merely heeding the injunctions of others.

Question 32

after practicing, brian, a baseball player, learns to swing a tennis racket properly instead of like a baseball bat. He has therefore achieved which level of cognitive adaptation

Answer 32

accomodation

Question 33

What has research revealed about the attachment of infants who attend day care to those who do not attend day care?

Answer 33

They have the same level attachment to their parents as kids who do not attend daycare

Question 34

A 6 year olds brain chemistry is _____ a 12 year old child’s

Answer 34

lower

Question 35

Dr.Kopta compared the mind and its cognitive structures to a

Answer 35

kaleidoscope

Question 36

trust vs mistrust

Answer 36

This stage begins at birth continues to approximately 18 months of age. During this stage, the infant is uncertain about the world in which they live, and looks towards their primary caregiver for stability and consistency of care.

Question 37

autonomy vs shame/doubt

Answer 37

This stage occurs between the ages of 18 months to approximately 3 years. According to Erikson, children at this stage are focused on developing a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence. Success in this stage will lead to the virtue of will.

Question 38

initative vs guilt

Answer 38

During the initiative versus guilt stage, children assert themselves more frequently through directing play and other social interaction. These are particularly lively, rapid-developing years in a child’s life.

Question 39

industry vs inferiority

Answer 39

the stage in which children enter into the greater society beyond the family for the first time

Question 40

identity vs identity confusion

Answer 40

fifth stage of ego in psychologist Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development. This stage occurs during adolescence between the ages of approximately 12 and 18. During this stage, adolescents explore their independence and develop a sense of self.

Question 41

intimacy vs isolation

Answer 41

This stage takes place during young adulthood between the ages of approximately 18 to 40 yrs. During this stage, the major conflict centers on forming intimate, loving relationships with other people. During this stage, we begin to share ourselves more intimately with others.

Question 42

generativity vs stagnation

Answer 42

the seventh stage of psychosocial development according to Erik Erikson. In this stage, adults strive to create or nurture things, often through parenting, contributing to the community, or some other positive change

Question 43

integrity vs despair

Answer 43

a retrospective accounting of one’s life to date; how much one embraces life as having been well lived, as opposed to regretting missed opportunities