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AMERICAN HERITAGE EXAM 2 > Exam 2 Lecture Material > Flashcards

Exam 2 Lecture Material Flashcards

1
Q

Problems with Articles of Confederation (1777-1778)

A

Weak government
-no ability to tax, no supreme judiciary, no executive
Inefficient structure
-unanimity required for amendment
-9/13 rule privileged obstructive minorities
No sovereignty over states
-states competed with national government in foreign policy and trade
-no national trade regulation; state-to-state tariffs, no national import market

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2
Q

Elements of American Constitutional Government

A

Autocracy
Classical Republicanism
Liberalism
Libertarianism

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3
Q

The Virginia Plan

A

Strong, central government
Bicameral legislature
proportional legislature (based on representation)

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4
Q

New Jersey Plan

A

Single-house congress

all states equally represented

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5
Q

The “Great Compromise”

A 
By: Roger Sherman
Bicameral legislature
Both proportional and equal representation
-House: population
-Senate: equality
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6
Q

Federalism

A

Sovereignty divided between state and national government (not 50/50)
the “most brilliant achievement” of the Constitutional Convention

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7
Q

The Compromise on Slavery

A
  • 3/5 compromise on representation and taxation
  • delay in ending slave trade until 1808
  • fugitive slave clause
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8
Q

Structural solutions to prevent abuse of power in government

A 
Structural devices:
-Bicameral legislature
-indirect election
    ~filters of consent
-enumerated powers
Separation of powers
Checks and Balances
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9
Q

Why did anti-federalists oppose the Constitution?

A 
Too much centralized power
Contrary to classical republic model
-republics needed to be small
Too similar to monarchy and aristocracy
Congress had potentially unlimited power
-necessary and proper clause
Infringed on state sovereignty
Lacked a Bill of Rights
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10
Q

Marbury v. Madison

A

1803, began judicial review

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11
Q

Federalists

A

-strong central government
-broad interpretation of the Constitution
-pro-market and business (Hamilton’s Plan)
-pro-Britain
John Adams and Alexander Hamilton

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12
Q

Democratic Republicans

A

“That government is best that governs least”

  • strict interpretation of Constitution
  • pro-agrarianism (Jefferson)
  • pro-France
  • Thomas Jefferson and James Madison
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13
Q

Sources of party bitterness

A
  • Jay’s Treaty with Britain
  • Alien and Sedition Acts
  • Partisan newspapers
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14
Q

Jay’s Treaty (1795)

A

Britain agreed to withdraw from forts in US territory, but exacted humiliating economic and trade concessions

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15
Q

Alien and Sedition Acts

A

1) harder for immigrants to become a citizen
2) President can imprison and deport non-citizens that are deemed dangerous
3) President can imprison and deport non-citizens that are from a hostile country
4) criminalized making false statements about the government

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16
Q

Role of Free Press in a democracy

A

Near v. Minnesota (strengthened freedom of the press)
Chilling Effect
-> don’t say something for fear of a lawsuit

17
Q

necessity of consent

A

rule of law

18
Q

Elitist Principles: Filters of Consent

A
  • more time between elections (periodic consent) (long=elitist short=democratic)
  • larger population represented
  • indirectness of selection
  • > judicial: executive appointment
  • > executive: electoral college
  • > legislative: indirect election of senators (until 17th amendment in 1913)
19
Q

Amendments that expounded upon voting

A

15: cannot deny slaves the vote
17: direct election of senators by popular vote
19: women can vote
24: no poll tax to vote
27: Changing the salary doesn’t take effect until the next election of representatives

20
Q

Judicial Review

A

Chisholm v. Georgia (1793): Georgia is under the jurisdiction of the United States
Marbury v. Madison: Judicial Review was seized for the Supreme Court

21
Q

Know Amendments 1-10

A

1: religion, speech, petition, press, and assembly
2: bear arms
3: no quartering
4: search and seizure need a warrant
5: Double Jeopardy, Witness against self, Due process, Indictment (by grand jury, usually for federal offense), Eminent Domain
6: speedy trial
7: trial by jury
8: no cruel and unusual punishment
9: people keep rights not listed
10: give powers to states and people

22
Q

Know Amendments 13-15

A

13: abolished slavery
14: defines citizenship; privileges and immunities clause, due process clause, equal protection clause.
15: black men can vote

23
Q

North v. South: Labor

A 
North:
-industrial
-shift from artisan to mass production
-huge influx of immigrant labors
-built on rivers for power
South:
-agricultural
-> plantation agriculture based on slave labor
24
Q

North vs. South: Ideology

A

North:
-abolitionism
-> anti-slave movement
South:
-pro-slavery
-> Paternalism: slavery as a positive good (slave master is a father figure to his slaves)
-> critique of northern wage labor as “slavery”

25
Q

Anti-slavery crusaders

A

Sojourner Truth and Frederick Douglas

26
Q

How was slave labor expanded?

A

Invention by Eli Whitney (Cotton Gin)

27
Q

How was slavery expanded politically?

A

Missouri Compromise, 1820 (beneath line is slave state)
Compromise of 1850 (allow some slavery above the line)
The Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854 (people vote to determine if slavery is allowed or not. Led to “Bleeding Kansas)
Dred Scott Decision (slaves are property, not people)

28
Q

Who was John Brown?

A
  • radical anti-slavery activist
  • Pottawatomie Massacre
  • Harper’s Ferry raid
  • eventually executed
29
Q

What was Lincoln’s political foundation?

A

The Declaration of Independence

30
Q

What was the cost of the Civil War?

A

623,026 estimated deaths; until recently, the most out of all other wars combined for the US

31
Q

Why was the Civil War so costly?

A

They were using old battle tactics with new technology and weapons

32
Q

What was the freedman’s view on Reconstruction? (1865-1877)

A
  • Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness
  • > work, buy land, and support themselves
  • become literate
33
Q

What were some tools used for Reconstruction?

A
  • Redistribution of land
  • > “40 acres of land and a mule”
  • Freedman’s Bureau
34
Q

Southern resistance to Reconstruction

A
  • brotherly hate
  • “Black Codes”
  • > quasi-slavery; if they couldn’t maintain their lifestyle, the were put into a sort of “legal slavery” to repay debts
35
Q

Success of Reconstruction

A

autonomous black family; no longer separated

AMERICAN HERITAGE EXAM 2 (3 decks)

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