Exam 2 (Lecture 7) - Abdomen 2 Flashcards
What are the parts of the equine cecum?
1) Base (has the retroperitoneal attachment; as does part of the body); is projecting to the right body wall starting in a very dorsal location.
- ileum opens into the base of the cecum (via the ileal opening; “one-way” valve)
- right ventral colon also opens into the base of the cecum (via the cecocolic opening); NOT a one-way valve
2) Body
3) Apex
What are the bands in the equine intestinal tract associated with?
ONLY the cecum and colon
What are the bands of the descending colon?
Mesocolic band and anti-mesenteric (free) bands
What are the bands of the right dorsal colon?
Mesocolic band and 2 free bands (medial and lateral)
What are the bands of the left dorsal colon?
Mesocolic band
What are the bands of the right and left ventral colon?
2 mesocolic bands (lateral and medial) and 2 free bands (lateral and medial)
Which structures can you see on the right side of the horse?
1) Base of cecum
2) Body of cecum
3) Right ventral colon
4) Right dorsal colon (completely under the rib cage)
5) Liver
6) Descending duodenum
Discuss the arrangement of the bands of the cecum.
4 bands:
- dorsal, ventral, lateral and medial
Lateral and medial bands are the vascular bands (contain blood vessels that supply the cecum)
Ileocecal ligament is between the dorsal band and the ileum
Cecocolic ligament is between the lateral band of the cecum and right lateral band of the colon.
Which structures can you see on the left side of the horse?
1) Greater curvature of the stomach
2) Small part of the liver
3) Left ventral colon
4) Pelvic flexure
5) Left dorsal colon
6) Jejunum
7) Descending colon
8) Spleen
What are the palpable structures on an equine rectal exam?
1) Urinary bladder (in the male, you would also be able to palpate prostate gland)
2) Vaginal (inguinal) rings (to make sure there’s no jejunum poking through)
3) Pelvic flexure
4) Spleen
5) Left kidney
6) Mesenteric root
7) Cecum
8) Descending colon
9) Jejunum (it’s there, but hard to tell what you’re feeling; if you can tell it’s jejunum, there’s a problem with it)
What are the parts of the swine stomach?
From dorsal to ventral:
1) Gastric diverticulum
2) Non-glandular part (along the lesser curvature wall)
3) Fundus
4) Body (fundus and body are glandular part)
5) Pylorus
6) Pyloric torus
Describe the intestinal tract of the swine.
They ONLY have a spiral loop in the ascending colon (ruminants have proximal loop, spiral loop, and distal loop)
Centripetal turns going in and centrifugal turns coming out
- in the pig, it’s VERY easy to tell whether turns are centripetal or centrifugal
- centripetal turns are larger diameter, they are the outside of the spiral cone, they are sacculated and
have bands
How many bands does the cecum have in the pig?
3 bands:
- medial
- lateral
- ventral (associated with the ileocecal fold)
What are the biggest differences in the pig with regard to the structures that are visible on the left side?
The cecum and ascending colon project to the LEFT side.
Which structures can you see on the right side of the pig?
1) Liver
2) Jejunum
What is the main difference in the ruminant liver lobes compared to the other species?
Ruminant has undivided right and left lobes.
- everyone else has divided right and left liver lobes
Which species have both the caudate process of the caudate liver lobe AND the papillary process of the caudate liver lobe?
1) Carnivore
2) Ruminant
Which species have only the caudate process of the caudate liver lobe?
1) Horse
2) Pig
What is unique about the quadrate liver lobe in the pig?
You HAVE to be looking at the visceral surface of the liver to see the quadrate lobe in the pig; it’s not visible from the diaphragmatic surface.
What is unique about the liver in the horse? Why is this the case?
The horse does not have a gall bladder; this is because horses are eating constantly, so they are continuously secreting bile.
Also, the quadrate lobe is serrated in the horse.
Where do we find the lesser omentum on the liver?
Visceral surface
Where do we find the ventral mesentery on the liver?
Diaphragmatic surface
- ventral mesentery is going between the liver and the diaphragm (round and falciform ligaments)
What is the functional blood supply of the liver?
Hepatic portal vein
What is the nutritional blood supply of the liver?
The hepatic arteries ONLY
- hepatic veins are draining into the caudal vena cava (THERE ARE NO HEPATIC VEINS IN THE PORTA OF THE LIVER!!!)
Where is the ruminant liver located? Why?
The ruminant liver is shifted to the right due to the large rumen/reticular complex on the left side of the abdominal cavity.
- So, the right lobe of the ruminant liver is located dorsal to the left lobe.
