Exam 2 (Lecture 6) - Abdomen 1 Flashcards
What are the non-glandular parts of the ruminant stomach?
1) Rumen
2) Reticulum
3) Omasum
What is the glandular part of the ruminant stomach?
Abomasum
From the left side of the cow, which stomach chambers can we see?
1) Rumen
2) Reticulum
3) Abomasum
Where are the grooves vs. pillars located in the ruminant stomach?
1) Grooves = external surface
2) Pillars = internal surface
What is the one exception to the internal ruminal pillars?
The demarcation between the rumen and the reticulum is NOT a pillar; it is the rumenoreticular FOLD
Which ruminal grooves are visible on the left side?
1) Rumenoreticular groove
2) Cranial groove
3) Left longitudinal groove
4) Caudal groove
5) Left dorsal coronary groove
6) Left ventral coronary groove
From the right side of the cow, which stomach chambers can we see?
1) Rumen
2) Reticulum
3) Omasum
4) Abomasum
(All of them)
Which ruminal grooves are visible from the right side?
1) Caudal groove
2) Right dorsal coronary groove
3) Right ventral coronary groove
4) Right longitudinal groove (ventral to accessory groove)
5) Right accessory groove (ventral to longitudinal groove)
6) Cranial groove (just cranial to the right longitudinal and right accessory grooves)
7) Rumenoreticular groove (ventral to the omasum)
**The ruminal island is found between the right longitudinal and right accessory grooves
Moving from cranial to caudal, what are the sacs of the rumen?
1) Reticulum
2) Ruminal atrium (cranioventral to dorsal sac)
3) Dorsal sac
4) Ventral sac
5) Caudodorsal blind sac
6) Caudoventral blind sac
Describe the gastric groove. What is it’s significance from a clinical standpoint?
The gastric groove has 3 segments:
- Reticular groove
- Omasal groove
- Abomasal groove
The gastric groove bypasses the non-glandular part of the stomach (in the young animal) and gets milk directly into the glandular part of the stomach from the esophagus.
There are two thickenings on either side of the gastric groove; when the animal nurses, the two thickenings are going to wrap around each other to form a tube for the milk to bypass the non-glandular parts of the stomach.
Clinical significance: The gastric groove can still close in the adult. This can be useful when a cow is dehydrated; high levels of ADH signal it to close so that water will go directly into the abomasum); can also manipulate when administering drugs that need to get directly into the glandular part of the stomach.
What is the function of the retroperitoneal attachment in the ruminant? Where is it located?
1) Fixes the rumen into position; aids in rumen contractions.
2) Esophagus to L4
What are the openings within the omasum?
1) Reticulo-omasal opening
2) Omaso-abomasal opening
Describe the structure of the abomasum.
1) Folds of mucosa = spiral folds
2) Pyloric torus = thickening along the lesser curvature in the pyloric part
What are the parts of the ascending colon in cattle?
Ascending colon (after the cecum):
1) Proximal loop
2) Spiral loop/spiral colon
- centripetal turns (go INTO the spiral; 1.5 - 2 turns)
- central flexure (between centripetal and centrifugal turns)
- centrifugal turns (come OUT of the spiral; 1.5 - 2 turns
3) Distal loop
What are the differences in the ascending colon of the small ruminant?
1) Typically 3-4 centripetal turns
2) Typically 3-4 centrifugal turns as well
- The last centrifugal turn is going to be IMMEDIATELY adjacent to the jejunum (the last turn is between the
jejunum and jejunal lymph nodes).
What is found in the supraomental recess?
Cecum and proximal loop of the ascending colon
What does the lesser omentum cover?
The omasum (the omasum in cattle corresponds to the 8th - 11th ribs; lower in the cavity).
What are the parts of the equine stomach? What is the capacity of the equine stomach?
From dorsal to ventral:
- Fundus (contains the blind sac dorsally and the non-glandular part of the stomach ventral to that)
- Margo plicatus (distinct line demarcating the non-glandular and glandular parts of the stomach)
- Body (contains the glandular part of the stomach)
- Pylorus
**The area where the esophagus enters the stomach is the cardia
Equine stomach has a capacity of about 3 gallons.
What is the correct order of the equine intestinal tract from the cecum on?
1) Cecum
2) Right Ventral Colon
3) Sternal Flexure
4) Left Ventral Colon
5) Pelvic Flexure
6) Left Dorsal Colon
7) Diaphragmatic Flexure
8) Right Dorsal Colon
9) Transverse Colon
10) Descending Colon
Which intestinal segment can move around quite a bit in the horse and why?
The jejunum can move around quite a bit; this is due to the large section of the mesojejunum (supporting structure)
Where does the ileum open in the horse?
Directly into the cecum.
Describe the course of the cecum in the horse. How big is the cecum?
1) The cecum is approximately 1 meter in length
2) It starts very high (dorsal) on the right body wall (within the paralumbar fossa); it then courses medially, cranially and ventrally; the apex of the cecum lies just caudal to the xyphoid process of the sternum.
Where is a very common site of impaction in the horse?
The transverse colon.
How many bands does each section of the cecum and colon have?
Remember the “phone number”: 444-1322
So…
Cecum = 4 bands
Right Ventral Colon = 4 bands
Left Ventral Colon = 4 bands
Left Dorsal Colon = 1 band
Right Dorsal Colon = 3 bands
Transverse Colon = 2 bands
Descending Colon = 2 bands
