Exam 2: Lecture 10

Question 1

What is the consistency effect?

Answer 1

Tendency for stuttering to occur on the same words in repeated readings or speakings of the same material, or in response to the same cues or stimuli.

Question 2

What is an example of the consistency effect?

Answer 2

Block or repeat in 1 place, they will block or repeat in the same place in a subsequent reading.

Question 3

What is the adaptation effect?

Answer 3

Temporary reduction in the frequency and/or severity of stuttering behaviors resulting from repeated oral readings of the same or highly similar material.

Question 4

What is the adjacency effect?

Answer 4

Occurs during repeated oral readings of the same material. When previously stuttered words are omitted from the passage, there’s a tendency for stuttering to occur on words adjacent to where stuttering previously occurred.

Question 5

Why does singing improve stuttering?

Answer 5

1. Speech and singing are separate neurophysiologic tasks.
2. Speech = product of L hemisphere
3. Singing = more R hemisphere input
   - No place for stuttering to occur, prolonged speech
   - Much heavier prosodic overlay

Question 6

How do authority figures affect a person who stutters? How does being in an authoritative position help stuttering?

Answer 6

1. The stutter may stutter more around authority figures.

2. The stutter may be more fluent when in a position of authority.

Question 7

With pets and infants, the stutter has little or no stuttering at all. Why is this?

Answer 7

1. The use of motherese

2. A decrease in pressure when using speech

Question 8

What is stuttering like during role playing or acting?

Answer 8

Very little or no stuttering

Question 9

Why does role playing or acting create little or no stuttering?

Answer 9

1. Altered speech patterns

2. You are not yourself

Question 10

What is stuttering like during choral reading or whispering?

Answer 10

No stuttering on either of these

Question 11

Why does choral reading or whispering cause little or no stuttering?

Answer 11

Text here

Question 12

List the types of ameliorating instrumentation for stuttering.

Answer 12

1. Metronome
2. Delayed Auditory Feedback (DAF)
3. Sound application/ masking noise

Question 13

When was the metronome, a part of ameliorating instrumentation, most popular?

Answer 13

It was a very popular early stuttering treatment

• Early 19th Century Europe
• 20th Century U.S.

Question 14

What was the basis for metronome ameliorating instrumentation?

Answer 14

Generated rhythmic manner of speaking

Question 15

What were the difficulties/challenges with the metronome instrumentation?

Answer 15

1. Difficult to generalize

2. Fluency generated in an artificial manner

Question 16

When did metronome treatment hit a high point?

Answer 16

Treatment hit a high point in the 60s (mini-metronome)

Question 17

What other technique caused the metronome instrumentation intervention to lose its appeal?

Answer 17

Slow, easy speech technique

Question 18

Why was metronome instrumentation thought to be successful?

Answer 18

What stuttering is, is the result of a central auditory processing disorder.

Question 19

What is Delayed Auditory Feedback (DAF)?

Answer 19

Occurs when we hear what we have said in a short time after we have said it.

Question 20

How does Delayed Auditory Feedback (DAF) affect normally fluent individuals?

Answer 20

It makes them become highly disfluent when exposed.

Question 21

How does Delayed Auditory Feedback (DAF) affect PWS?

Answer 21

Many PWS experience a decrease in stuttering.

Question 22

Why is DAF successful?

Answer 22

In order to “beat” the DAF, an individual has to slow down his speech. Also forces one to prolong his speech and use easy onset.

Question 23

What is sound application/masking noise?

Answer 23

A type of amerliorating instrumentation that is simply the application of white noise in both ears.

Question 24

What are the reasons for sound application/masking noise?

Answer 24

1. A reduction in anxiety about speech because you can’t hear yourself speak.
2. Is stuttering a sensory disorder?
3. Is stuttering a motor disorder?
   - What happens to your voice when you talk over noise?

Question 25

What is the main question of concern when considering CWS and personality and temperament?

Answer 25

Are CWS born with sensitive temperaments that persist over time, or are they heightened by the experience of chronic stuttering and by others’ reaction to it?

Question 26

When considering adults and personality traits/character structure, what do we know?

Answer 26

With adults, there is little conclusive evidence of specific kind of character structure or broad-set of personality traits that are typical of PWS as a group.

Question 27

What temperament/personality factors have been found in adults who stutter?

Answer 27

1. Heightened sensitivity
2. Introversion
3. Feelings of helplessness and dependence
4. Negative communication attitudes
5. Lower social competence
6. Mild social maladjustment