Exam 1: Lecture 2 Slides

Question 1

Define fluency.

Answer 1

The effortless flow of speech. Takes into account factors such as rhythm or rate, intonation, and stress.

Question 2

Define fluency disorder.

Answer 2

Abnormal fluency, rate, and rhythm of speech.

Question 3

List the types of fluency disorders (2).

Answer 3

1. Stuttering

2. Cluttering

Question 4

How did Wendell Johnson define stuttering?

Answer 4

“Stuttering is an anticipatory apprehensive hypertonic avoidance reaction.”

Stuttering is what a speaker does when he expects it to happen, dreads it, tenses, and tries to avoid it.

Question 5

How did Wingate define stuttering?

Answer 5

“A disruption in fluency of verbal expression characterized by involuntary, audible or silent, repetitions or prolongations, which may be accompanied by accessory activities and emotional states such as excitement, tension, fear, or embarrassment.”

Question 6

How did Van Riper define stuttering?

Answer 6

“That which occurs when the forward flow of speech is interrupted by a motorically disrupted sound, syllable, or word or by the speaker’s reaction thereto.

Question 7

Stuttering is not just a speech problem. What other type of problem can stuttering be?

Answer 7

A communication problem.

Question 8

List the chronic effects stuttering has on a person (3).

Answer 8

1. Socially
2. Vocationally
3. Psychologically

Question 9

How does the World Health Organization (WHO) classify stuttering? Different ways…

Answer 9

1. Etiology
2. Impairment
3. Disability
4. Handicap

Question 10

Why is stuttering considered to have a chronic impact on an individual’s life?

Answer 10

Because it takes two people for stuttering to occur (Social interaction/communication).

Question 11

Define handicap.

Answer 11

Limitations in an individual’s abilities to fulfill roles in life events.

Question 12

How does stuttering have a chronic impact on an individual vocationally?

Answer 12

Stuttering may influence a person’s job decision.

Question 13

Define impairment.

Answer 13

The stuttering itself; the stuttering event.

Question 14

What are chronic blocks characterized by?

Answer 14

Chronic blocks are characterized by alternating cycles of tension and release of articulatory musculature.

Question 15

List the non-visible secondary characteristics (3)

Answer 15

1. Increased blood flow
2. Increased heart rate
3. Non-visible tension (stomach clinching)

Question 16

Define disability.

Answer 16

Limitations in the ability to communicate.

Question 17

Define etiology.

Answer 17

The cause of the stuttering.

Question 18

Define core behaviors. List the types of core behaviors (3).

Answer 18

Used to describe the basic behaviors of stuttering.

Include: Repetitions, blocks, and prolongations.

Question 19

How does stuttering have chronic effects on a person psychologically?

Answer 19

Stuttering can have direct influence on attitudes, emotions, and other psychosocial factors.

Question 20

How does stuttering have chronic effects on a person socially?

Answer 20

Because it takes two people for stuttering to occur (social interaction/communication).

Question 21

The result of continuous, inappropriate contraction of articulatory musculature. Person exerts too much pressure/tone in the articulatory structure affected.

Answer 21

Tonic blocks

Question 22

List the visible/audible secondary characteristics (3).

Answer 22

1. Pitch or loudness variation
2. Visible tension
3. Body movements (facial grimacing, eye blinking/rolling, head tilting)

Question 23

Describe the reactive features (secondary behaviors) of an individual that stutters.

Answer 23

1. A psychological adjustment to the stuttering (How these folks react to their own stuttering).
2. A variety of emotional states.

Question 24

Define blocks. How do they occur?

Answer 24

These occur when a person inappropriately stops the flow of air or voice, as well as the movement of the articulators.

Question 25

In what levels of the speech mechanism can blocks occur (3)?

Answer 25

1. Respiratory
2. Laryngeal
3. Articulatory

Question 26

Define secondary behaviors.

Answer 26

Reactions to PWS to repetitions, prolongations, and blocks.