Exam 2 Lange AI generated questions Flashcards
What is the function of the pulmonary capillary endothelium?
a) To produce oxygen
b) To metabolize substrates for energy
c) To produce, metabolize, or modify naturally occurring vasoactive substances
Answer: c) To produce, metabolize, or modify naturally occurring vasoactive substances
How are the lungs protected from environmental assaults?
a) By the circulatory system
b) By the digestive system
c) By pulmonary defense mechanisms
Answer: c) By pulmonary defense mechanisms
What is phonation?
a) The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli
b) The production of sounds by the movement of air through the vocal cords
c) The metabolism of substrates by the cells of the lung
Answer: b) The production of sounds by the movement of air through the vocal cords
How does the respiratory system participate in acid-base balance?
a) By removing oxygen from the body
b) By removing carbon dioxide from the body
c) By removing hydrogen ions from the body
Answer: b) By removing carbon dioxide from the body
What is the function of the right ventricle of the heart in the respiratory system?
a) It pumps oxygen-rich blood to the tissues of the body
b) It pumps mixed venous blood into the lungs
c) It removes carbon dioxide from the body
Answer: b) It pumps mixed venous blood into the lungs
What is responsible for the flow of air into the lungs?
a) The respiratory muscles
b) The circulatory system
c) The digestive system
Answer: a) The respiratory muscles
What happens in the alveoli of the lungs?
a) Carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen
b) Oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide
c) Both a and b
Answer: c) Both a and b
What is the function of the nasal turbinates?
A) To warm up the inspired air
B) To humidify the inspired air
C) To filter the inspired air
D) All of the above
Answer: D) All of the above
Which cells contain inflammatory mediators that can induce bronchoconstriction?
a) Ciliated cells
b) Mast cells
c) Clara cells
d) Goblet cells
Answer: b) Mast cells.
What is the function of the Clara cells?
a) To secrete mucus.
b) To act as progenitor cells for ciliated epithelial cells.
c) To induce bronchoconstriction.
d) To participate in airway fluid balance and secrete proteins, lipids, and glycoproteins.
Answer: d) To participate in airway fluid balance and secrete proteins, lipids, and glycoproteins.
Which of the following is true about the bronchioles and alveolar ducts?
a) They are supported by irregularly shaped cartilage plates.
b) They contain no cartilage and are subject to collapse.
c) They have a thick muscular layer that completely surrounds the airways.
d) The outermost layer of their walls is surrounded by mucus-secreting goblet cells.
Answer: b) They contain no cartilage and are subject to collapse.
What is the anatomical dead space?
a) The space between the trachea and bronchi.
b) The space between the 20th to 22nd generations of airways.
c) The space in the conducting zone that is incapable of gas exchange.
d) The space between the respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts.
Answer: c) The space in the conducting zone that is incapable of gas exchange.
Which of the following is true regarding the upper airways?
a) The nasopharynx and oropharynx lead to the tracheobronchial tree.
b) The glottis is located in the conducting airways.
c) The nose and mouth do not have any protective mechanisms.
d) The pulmonary capillaries are located in the upper airways.
Answer: a) The nasopharynx and oropharynx lead to the tracheobronchial tree.
Which cell type is responsible for producing the fluid layer that lines the alveoli?
a) Type I alveolar cells
b) Type II alveolar cells
c) Phagocytic alveolar macrophages
d) Squamous epithelial cells
Answer: b) Type II alveolar cells
Which cell type covers the majority of the alveolar surface, despite being present in smaller numbers than another cell type?
a) Type I alveolar cells
b) Type II alveolar cells
c) Phagocytic alveolar macrophages
d) Squamous epithelial cells
Answer: a) Type I alveolar cells
Which of the following is NOT a component of the barrier to gas exchange between the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries?
a) Alveolar epithelium
b) Capillary endothelium
c) Interstitial space
d) Epithelial cells that line the trachea
Answer: d) Epithelial cells that line the trachea
Which muscles are considered the main muscles of respiration?
a) Rectus abdominis
b) Parasternal intercartilaginous muscles
c) Sternocleidomastoid and scalenus muscles
d) Diaphragm and external and internal intercostal muscles
Answer: d) Diaphragm and external and internal intercostal muscles
Which cells patrol the alveolar surface and phagocytize inspired particles such as bacteria?
a) Type I alveolar cells
b) Type II alveolar cells
c) Phagocytic alveolar macrophages
d) Squamous epithelial cells
Answer: c) Phagocytic alveolar macrophages
What is the mechanism by which alveolar pressure is made lower than atmospheric pressure during normal negative-pressure breathing?
A) Contraction of the muscles of expiration
B) Expansion of the alveoli due to an increased transmural pressure difference
C) Increased intrapleural pressure
D) Relaxation of the muscles of inspiration
Answer: B) Expansion of the alveoli due to an increased transmural pressure difference.
Which muscles are involved in inspiration?
a) Diaphragm, external intercostals, and sternocleidomastoid
b) Diaphragm, external intercostals, and triceps
c) Diaphragm, internal intercostals, and rectus abdominis
d) Diaphragm, internal oblique, and latissimus dorsi
Answer: a) Diaphragm, external intercostals, and sternocleidomastoid
What is the function of the diaphragm during normal quiet breathing?
a) It contracts to increase abdominal pressure
b) It descends into the abdominal cavity to increase thoracic volume
c) It elevates the lower ribs to decrease thoracic volume
d) It remains stationary
Answer: b) It descends into the abdominal cavity to increase thoracic volume
How much of the air that enters the lungs during normal quiet breathing is due to the diaphragm?
a) About one third to one half
b) About two thirds
c) All of it
d) None of it
Answer: b) About two thirds
What happens when a person takes a deep inspiration?
a) The diaphragm remains stationary
b) The abdominal wall becomes more compliant
c) The diaphragm descends as much as 10 cm
d) The central tendon becomes distensible
Answer: c) The diaphragm descends as much as 10 cm
What happens if one of the leaflets of the diaphragm is paralyzed?
a) The diaphragm becomes more active during inspiration
b) The leaflet will move down into the abdominal cavity
c) The leaflet will move up into the thorax during a rapid inspiratory effort
d) The leaflet will become rigid
Answer: c) The leaflet will move up into the thorax during a rapid inspiratory effort
What happens if the diaphragm contracted alone during inspiration?
a) The rib cage muscles would be pulled inward
b) The transverse dimension of the lower portion of the chest would increase
c) The scalene muscles would contract
d) Dyspnea would occur
Answer: a) The rib cage muscles would be pulled inward
Which muscle elevates the sternum during inspiration?
a) External intercostals
b) Parasternal intercostals
c) Scalene muscles
d) Sternocleidomastoid
Answer: d) Sternocleidomastoid
When are the accessory muscles of inspiration called into play?
a) During normal quiet breathing
b) During the expiratory phase of coughing or sneezing
c) During exercise or in a pathologic state
d) When the diaphragm contracts alone
Answer: c) During exercise or in a pathologic state
During normal quiet breathing, which of the following statements about respiratory muscles is true?
A) Expiration is active and requires contraction of respiratory muscles.
B) Inspiration is passive and requires no contraction of respiratory muscles.
C) Both inspiration and expiration require active contraction of respiratory muscles.
D) Expiration requires active contraction of respiratory muscles, while inspiration is passive.
Answer: B) Inspiration is passive and requires no contraction of respiratory muscles.
What is the main function of the abdominal muscles during expiration?
A) To increase alveolar pressure.
B) To increase thoracic pressure.
C) To decrease thoracic pressure.
D) To decrease abdominal pressure.
Answer: B) To increase thoracic pressure.
What is the I:E ratio during normal quiet breathing?
A) 1:1
B) 1:2 to 1:4
C) 2:1
D) 4:1
Answer: B) 1:2 to 1:4
Which of the following is NOT a pathologic state in which active expiration occurs?
A) Chronic bronchitis
B) Exercise
C) Singing
D) Normal quiet breathing
Answer: D) Normal quiet breathing
Which of the following is a function of the internal intercostal muscles during expiration?
A) To increase rib cage elevation
B) To decrease thoracic pressure
C) To increase abdominal pressure
D) To depress the rib cage downward
Answer: D) To depress the rib cage downward
What is lung compliance?
A) The extent to which the lungs contract for each unit decrease in transpulmonary pressure
B) The extent to which the lungs will expand for each unit increase in transpulmonary pressure
C) The extent to which the lungs will expand for each unit increase in intrapleural pressure
D) The extent to which the lungs contract for each unit decrease in intrapleural pressure
Answer: B) The extent to which the lungs will expand for each unit increase in transpulmonary pressure.
What are the two types of compliance curves found in the compliance diagram of the lungs?
A) The expiratory compliance curve and the inspiratory force curve
B) The expiratory force curve and the inspiratory compliance curve
C) The inspiratory compliance curve and the expiratory compliance curve
D) The inspiratory force curve and the expiratory force curve
Answer: C) The inspiratory compliance curve and the expiratory compliance curve.
What are the two main types of elastic forces that determine the characteristics of the compliance diagram of the lungs?
A) Elastic forces of the lung tissue and surface tension forces caused by fluid lining the walls of the bronchi
B) Elastic forces of the lung tissue and surface tension forces caused by fluid lining the walls of the alveoli and other lung air spaces
C) Elastic forces of the bronchi and surface tension forces caused by fluid lining the walls of the alveoli and other lung air spaces
D) Elastic forces of the bronchi and surface tension forces caused by fluid lining the walls of the bronchi
Answer: B) Elastic forces of the lung tissue and surface tension forces caused by fluid lining the walls of the alveoli and other lung air spaces.
What is the substance that greatly reduces the surface tension of water in the alveoli?
A) Elastin
B) Collagen
C) Surfactant
D) Calcium ions
Answer: C) Surfactant.
What is the normal range of surface tension in fluids lining the alveoli when normal amounts of surfactant are present?
A) 5-30 dynes/cm
B) 50 dynes/cm
C) 72 dynes/cm
D) 100 dynes/cm
Answer: A) 5-30 dynes/cm.
