Exam 2: Kwon Flashcards
Anionic surfactants
Bile salts (sodium deoxycholate)
Cationic surfactants
None because too toxic
Reasons for parenteral
Direct vascular access
Highly predictable drug levels
Alternate to GI route
Replace bulk of fluids, electrolytes, etc.
Limitations of parenteral
Sterility Pain Iatrogenic problems High cost Transmission of disease/safety
Solvents and vehicles for injection
Sterile water for injection
Bacteriostatic water for injection
Sodium chloride for injection
Bacteriostatic sodium chloride for injection
IV route
Most common parenteral Rapid therapeutic effect Major route for toxic drugs Cannot prevent overdose Possibility of thrombus and embolus
IM route
Bolus forms a depot that releases drug over a period of time
Max volume: 5 mL
Common sites: butt, thigh, arms
SC route
Slower absorption
Max volume: 2 mL
Less concerns about hitting blood vessels and nerves
ID route
Injected into most superficial skin layer
Volume:
Epidural route
Located between dura mater and vertebral column
Used for pain
Low doses, fewer side effects, no preservatives
IT route
Injected into cerebral spinal fluid
No preservatives
Intraarticular route
Injection into synovial cavity of a joint
Used for arthritis
Intracardiac route
Injection into heart chamber
Intraspinal route
Injection into spinal column
Requirements for parenteral
Sterility
Pyrogens-free
Clarity
Isotonicity
Sterility
Complete destruction of all living organisms
Nosocomial infections
Hospital-acquired infections
Major cause: unclean hands
High risk: children, pregnant women, elderly, immuno-compromised patients
Sterilization techniques
Steam sterilization Dry heat sterilization Filtration Gas sterilization Radiation sterilization Antimicrobial agents
Pyrogens
Fever-causing organic molecules from bacterial cell walls (LPS)
Pyrogen testing
Rabbit febrile reaction
Limus amebocyte lysate test
Clarity
Minimal amount of particles
USP limit: 50 particles of 10+ microns per 1 mL for LVPs
Check by swirling solution and look against light/dark backgrounds
Diameter of blood vessels
5 microns
Isotonicity
Same concentrations of particles
Osmolality
Number of osmols per kg of solvent
Osmolarity
Number of osmols per liter of solvent
Methods to increase water solubility
pH adjustments and salts Cosolvents Micelles Complexes O/W emulsions Prodrugs Nanoparticles
Cosolvants used to increase solubility
Propylene glycol Ethanol Glycerol Polyethylene glycol Dimethylacetamide
Nonionic surfactants
Tween 80
Ctenophore-EL
