Exam 2 Know the Following Flashcards
Stages of cancer
0 = early cancer
I, II, III = more extensive cancer; the higher the number, the greater the tumor size and degree to which it spread
IV = advanced cancer that has spread to another organ
Remission = no sign/symptoms
Potential causes of cancer
DNA Tobacco use Dietary factors Inactivity and obesity Carcinogens in environment
Treatments of cancer
Chemotherapy
Radiation therapy
Surgery
Types of immunity
Innate immunity system
Adaptive immunity system
Antigens
Antibodies
Stages of infection
- Pathogen living in reservoir
- Pathogen leaves through portal of exit
- Means of transmission
- Pathogen enters through portal of entry
Types of transmission of illness
Direct transmission
Indirect transmission
Types of pathogens
Bacteria Viruses Fungi Protozoa Parasitic worms Prions
Effective listening strategies
- Try to fully understand another person’s story
- Empathy, warmth, respect, and genuineness
- Encourage others to share more and be attentive listeners
Types of parenting
Authoritarian
Authoritative
Permissive
Uninvolved
Temperament types of a child
Secure
Anxious/ambivalent
Anxious/avoidant
Themes of strong families
Commitment Appreciation Communication Time together Spiritual wellness Stress and crisis management
Male reproduction organs
Penis Scrotum Testis Cowper's gland Epididymis Vas deferens Seminal vesicle Prostate gland Ejaculatory duct
Female reproductive organs
Vulva Clitoris Prepuce Vagina Uterus Cervix Fallopian tubes
Phases of the sexual response
Excitement phase
Plateau phase
Orgasmic phase
Resolution phase (refractory period)
Factors of a healthy pregnancy
Regular checkups Blood tests Prenatal nutrition Avoiding drugs and other environmental hazards Prenatal activity and exercise
Types of assisted reproduction
Assisted reproductive technology
Intrauterine insemination
In vitro fertilization
Gestational carrier
Major events in the First Trimester of pregnancy
- Zygote to blastocyst to embryo to fetus
- Heart, brain, liver, lungs, and sex organs formed
- Eyes, nose, ears, arms, and legs appear
Major events in the Second Trimester of pregnancy
- All body systems operating
- Fetal heartbeat heard
- Mother can detect movements
Major events in the Third Trimester of pregnancy
- Fetus gains most of its birth weight
- Brown fat develops
- Respiratory and digestive organs develop
- Immunity supplied by mother
Reasons for Female infertility
- Tubal blockages (14%)
- Failure to ovulate (21%)
- Anatomical abnormalities, benign growths in uterus, thyroid disease, and other uncommon conditions (37%)
- Unexplained (28%)
Reasons for Male infertility
- Hypothalamic pituitary disease (1-2%)
- Testicular disease (30-40%)
- Disorders of sperm transport or post-testicular disease (10-20%)
- Unexplained (40-50%)
How oral contraceptives work
- Mimic hormonal activity of corpus luteum
- Prevent ovulation
- Inhibit movement of sperm
- Alters rate of ovum transport through hormonal effects on fallopian tubes
- May prevent implantation
Examples of barrier contraception
Male condoms Female condoms Diaphragm with spermicide Contraceptive sponge Cervical cap Vaginal spermicides
Examples of natural contraception
Abstinence Fertility awareness-based methods - Calendar - Temperature - Mucus Withdrawal
Female menstrual cycle
Menses
Estrogenic phase
Ovulation
Progestational phase
First stage of labor
- Avg. 13 hours
- Cervical effacement and dilation
- Contractions 30 sec, 15-20 min apart; increase to 60-90 sec, 1-3 min apart
- Water may break
Second stage of labor
- Complete cervical dilation
- Baby slowly pushed down
- Crowning
Third stage of labor
- Uterus continues to contract until placenta is expelled
- 5-30 min
