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Exercise Physiology 2/ exam 2 kin > Exam 2 KINEISIOLOGY > Flashcards

Exam 2 KINEISIOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

Root Word for Heart

A

cardio

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2
Q

Root word for vessel

A

Vascular

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3
Q

Systemic Circuit

A

Supplies to body

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4
Q

Pulmonary circuit

A

Supply to lungs

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5
Q

Veins

A

Return blood to heart

O2 rich

Red O2 rich CO2 POOR

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6
Q

Arteries

A

Take blood from heart

O2 poor

Blue - O2 poor CO2 Rich

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7
Q

Heart Structures

A

300 g fist size

Location: mediastinum

Apex: left of midline

Base: widest part of heart

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8
Q

Epicardium

A

Epithelial tissue and fat

Holds major coronary vessels

Outer layer

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9
Q

Myocardium

A

Middle Layer

Cardiac Muscle tissue

Connective tissue

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10
Q

Endocardium

A

Epithelial tissue

Endothelium

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11
Q

Pericardium

Pericardial Sac
Pericardial Cavity
Fibrous Layer
Serous Layer

A

PS: double walled sac
PC: cavity and fluid
FL: outer wall
SL: inner wall

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12
Q

Atrioventricular Valves

A

Right AV is tricuspid
3 cusps

Left AV is bicuspid
2 cusps
Mitral valve

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13
Q

Semilunar Valves

A

Pulmonary Valve
1st semilunar valve
Between R ventricle and pulmonary trunk

Aourtic Vavle
2nd semilunar valve
L ventricle and aorta

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14
Q

Cardiac cycle

Systole and Diastole

A

Systole: chambers contracting

Diastole: chambers relaxed

Atrial systole while ventricular is diastole

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15
Q

Lub Dub

A

S1 is Lub - mitral and tricuspid valves close

S2 Aortic and Pulmonic valves close

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16
Q

Fetal Heart

Foramen Ovale

Ductus Arteriosus

A

Foramen Ovale - interatrial opening
Seals after birth

Ductus arteriosus - shunt b/w pulmonary artery and aorta
Begins closing 10-15 hrs after birth

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17
Q

Capillary Facts

A

Smallest blood vessel

Site of exchange of gasses, nutrients, wastes

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18
Q

Blood Volume

A

Average Adult - 5 liters 8% of body weight 70-75ml per kg of body mass

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19
Q

Red Blood Cells

Erythrocytes

A

Biconcave disc
Oxygen Carrie’s
Hemoglobin

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20
Q

White Blood Cells

Luekocytes

A

Mobile defense system
Count is 7000
Life span 1 week
Buffy coat

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21
Q

Platelets

A

Thrombocytes 
Small Buffy coat
Not cells
Clots blood
Stimulated repair of blood vessels
Second, most numerous formed element behind red blood cells
Secrete vasoconstrictors

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22
Q

Tour of France

A

Blood doping
Taking blood and spinning all red blood cells out the. Right before race they would inject it

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23
Q

Plasma

A

92% water

7% proteins

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24
Q

Sickle Cells Anemia

A

Inherited
Common in African and Hispanic

Bone marrow transplants may cure disease

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25
Q

Cardiac vs. Skeletal Muscle

A

Similarities vs. Differences

Sim: actin and myosin
Sliding filament theory

Did: single nuclear
Shorter
Larger diameter

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26
Q

Cardiac conduction system, one
SA Node

A

Right atrium
Determine heart rate

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27
Q

Cardiac conduction system to
AV Node

A

Lower interatrial septum
Gateway to ventricle

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28
Q

Purkinje Fibers

A

Spread thru ventricles
Small branches

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29
Q

Electrocardiogram ECG

A

Electrical activity

Can identify:

Conduction pathway adnormalities

Measure

P wave : depolarization of atria

QRS Complex: depolarization of ventricles

T wave: repolarization of ventricles

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30
Q

Artificial Pacemakers

A

Treats arrhythmias

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31
Q

Cardiovascular disease risk factors

A

Non modifiable: getting old, history, gender, ethnicity

Modifiable: hypertension
Tobacco use
Physical inactivity
Alcohol use

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32
Q

Heart Attack

A

785,000 year

Treatment: angioplasty, bypass, drug therapy

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33
Q

Cardiac conduction system, AV bundle

A

Cord like
Right and left branches
Interventricular septum

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34
Q

Two Respiratory system divisions.

A

Conducting division
Respiratory

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35
Q

Conducting division function

A

Airflow
Nostrils to bronchioles

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36
Q

Respiratory division functions

A

Gas exchange of O2 and CO2
Between air in blood
Respiratory bronchioles to Alviola and other gas exchange sites

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37
Q

Alveoli spongy

A

150,000,000 sacs
Where air goes in
Super thin
Capillaries go around it

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38
Q

Macrophages are

A

In alveoli

Macrophages get rid of pollen and dust on the

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39
Q

Goblet cells

A

Secrete mucus which capture pollen in dust

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40
Q

Cilia

A

Moves mucus up trachea, which is how macrophages come up

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41
Q

Lower respiratory track Plerurae

A

Visceral pleura
Covers lungs
Attached to ribs
Secrete fluid
Creates pressure gradient

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42
Q

Lower respiratory tract
Functions of pleurae and pleural fluid

A

Creates pressure gradient

43
Q

Atmospheric pressure
Intrapulmonic pressure
Intrapleural pressure

A

A- outside world pressure
I- pressure within lungs
I2-  pressure to explained pleural

44
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

Breading in an out of body

45
Q

Inspirations
Expiration

A

Inspiration is breathing
Expiration is breathing out

46
Q

Boyles law

A

Decreasing volume increases collisions and increases pressure

47
Q

Quiet breathing
Inspiration
Expiration
(Boules Law)

A

Inspiration- lungs volume increases pressure decreases
Pleura increases (surrounds lungs)

Expiration - lung volume decreases pressure increases
Passive process muscles relax
No muscle input

48
Q

What muscles are required for inspiration of labor breathing

A

Diaphragm
External intercostals
Sternocleidomastoid
Scalenes

49
Q

What muscles are required for forced expiration labored breathing

A

Internal in intercoastal’s
Abdominal muscles
Rectus abdominous
External and internal obliques transverse abdominous

50
Q

Breathing and pressure changes at rest and inspiration and expiration

A

At rest
Atmospheric pressure is 760
Intrapulmonary pressure is 760
Intrapleural pressure is 760

Inspiration
Atmospheric pressure is 760
PRESSURES LOWER
Intrapulmonary pressure is 758
Intrapleural pressure is 754

Expiration atmospheric pressure is the same but enter poetic pressure increases to 763 and intrapleural pressure decreases to 756

51
Q

External respiration verse internal respiration

A

External- air goes to lungs and is O2 poor

Internal blood and cells exchange is O2, rich in pics of CO2

52
Q

Partial pressure of gases

Internal respiration first external respiration

A

Internal- PO2 drives oxygen from blood into cells
PCO2 and Membrane Solubility Drive CO2 from cell to

External - PO to dredge oxygen from alveoli into blood
PCO2 and Membrane Solubility Drive CO2 from blood to alveoli

53
Q

Poutine respiratory group

A

How deep or shallow, your breathing is send signals to Vegas nerve which regulates diaphragm

54
Q

Respiratory center locations

A

Brainstem pons medulla oblangata

55
Q

Ventral respiratory group

A

Chemo receptors help get blood back to resting state in response to irritant (cough)

56
Q

Chemoreceptors
Stretch receptors
Irritant receptors

A

Chemoreceptors monitor, pH, O2 and CO2
Stretch, receptors, monitor lung filling
Irritant, receptors, monitor, dust, and pollen

57
Q

Why do we sneeze?

A

Foreign particles reach the mucous membrane

58
Q

Tidal volume

A

Volume move in or out of the lungs during cycle 500 ML

59
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume 2500ml

A

Volume inhaled during forced breathing

60
Q

Inspiratory capacity

A

3000 ML
Max inhaled after TV exhale

61
Q

Expiration reserve volume

A

Volume exhaled during forced breathing lower than tidal volume

62
Q

Vital capacity, 4500 ml

A

Volume that remains after Max expiration

63
Q

Total lung capacity equation 6000 ML

A

TLC - IC

64
Q

a-vO2 difference ateriovenous

A

The extent of which oxygen is removed from the blood as it passes through the body

Will increase with exercise

65
Q

Aerobic, exercise - oxygen transport

Maximal oxygen consumption

Submaximal testing

A

Maximal, oxygen consumption,
VO2MAX test
Maximal ability to intake, distribute and use 02

Submaximal testing
The O2 sub Max not as intense

66
Q

Asthma

A

Information in the airways

67
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Collapsed lung
Build up of air outside
Increases pressure of long

68
Q

Altitude considerations

A

Conditions:
Decrease atmospheric pressure and PO2

FX :
Increase ventilation, resting heart rate be P

69
Q

Altitude sickness and a cute mountain sickness

A

Altitude- hypoxia, which is reduced 02

Acute - cerebral vasodilation

70
Q

Altitude considerations training, benefits

A

Increase red blood cell production
Mitochondria
Capillaries

71
Q

Spinal Fusion

Pathology

A

S- permantly connects two or more vertebral bones (wires rod or screws)

P- significant intervertebral disc disease

slippage of the vertebral bodies

72
Q

Ribs

True Ribs

Flase Ribs

A

True - 7 pairs
directly to sternum

False - 5 pairs

floating ribs 2 pairs

women get these removed

73
Q

Sternum is made up of 3 parts ( top to bottom)

A

manubrium
body
xiphoid process

74
Q

Intervertebral Joints 2

A

At every level spinal nerves come off

Cartilaginous (fibrocartilage)

Synovial Joints (facet Joints)

75
Q

Intervertebral Disks

A

2 portions:
nucleas pulposus (in the middle)
annulus fibrosus ( on the outside)

Function:
Helps create shock absorption
increase spinal motion
lose height during the day 25% of height
degenerate with age and activity

76
Q

Herniated Disc

A

nucleus pulposus herniates through annulus fibrosus

77
Q

What percentage of people have lower back pian?

A

80% back pain

78
Q

Function of Spinal Cord

A

Part of the CNS
Gives rise to spinal nerves
Protected by:
Bone
fat
fluid Cerebral
muscle
meninges

79
Q

Spinal Nerves…

Dorsal roots going out back

ventral roots going out front

A

Spinal - carry sensory and motor nuerons

Dorsal - carry sensory nuerons only (Afferent)

Ventral - carry motor nuerons (efferent)

80
Q

Sternocleiodomastoid

A

Unilateral: Rotation to the opposite side
lateral flexion to same side
Bilateral: flexion
o: Manubrium of sternum; medial 1/3 of clavicle
i: mastoid process

81
Q

External Oplique

A

Unilateral: Rotation to the opposite side
Lateral flexion to same side
o: last 8 ribs
i: iliac crest, inguinal ligament, fascia

82
Q

Rectus abdominis

A

Unilateral: Lateral flexion to same side
o: pubis
i: costal cartilage & sternum
bilateral action: flexion (abdomi

83
Q

Internal Oblique

A

Unilateral: lateral flexion to the same side
rotation to the same side
o: iliac crest, inguinal ligament, fascia
i: lower ribs, linea alba

84
Q

Transverse Abdominis

A

Unilateral: Rotation to the same side
Bilateral: compression only
o: iliac crest, inguinal ligament, fascia
i: aponeurosis to linea alba

85
Q

Diaphragm

A

o: lumbar vertebra., costal cartilage, inf. rib cage
i: central tendon

86
Q

Splenius Capitis

A

o: spinous processes, ligamentum nuchae
i: mastoid process

87
Q

Splenius Cervicis

A

o: spinous processes
i: transverse processes

88
Q

Scalenes

A

Unilateral: lateral flexion to the same side
Bilateral: Flexion
o: transverse processes (C1-C7)
i: 1st & 2nd ribs

89
Q

Erector Spinae group

A

bilateral action: extension
unilateral action: rotation & lateral flexion to same side

90
Q

Withting Erector Spinae Group

Spinalis

longissimus

iliocostalis

A

spinalis

o: spinous processes, LN
i: superior spinous processes

longissimus

o: thoracolumbar aponeurosis
i: transverse processes

iliocostalis

o: thoracolumbar aponeurosis
i: transverse processes, ribs

91
Q

quadratus lumborum

A

o: iliac crest
i: 12th rib & transverse processes L1-L4

92
Q

Deep Back Muscles Transversospinalis group:

A

Interspinales; multifidus; rotatores

93
Q

Linda Alba

A

Attachment sites for obliques and transverse abdominal

94
Q

Spine movment to least moveable

A

Cervical
lumber
thoracic

95
Q

Dermatomes

A

the superficial areas associated with the specific spinal nerves

96
Q

Spinal cord enlargements location and description

A

Lumbar Enlargement - in thoracic - pack of nuerons
Conus Medullaris - Solid mass - in lumbar
Cauda Equina - in lower lumbar begins at L1 L2 - splits into many nerves

97
Q

Groups of nerves are called ……

A

plexuses

98
Q

Phrenic Nerve

A

Regulates Breathing
C3-C5
innervates diaphragm

99
Q

Brachial Plexus rankings from top to bottom 3

A

Radial
Median
Ulnar

100
Q

Lumbosacral Plexus rankings from top to bottom 3

A

Sciatic
Femoral
Tibial

101
Q

Autorymthmic

Myogenic

A

Autorymic - automatically beat

Myogenic - polarize to create signal to beat

Heart will beat on its own because of Myogenic cells

102
Q

Lumbar vs. Thoracic Vertebra difference Cervical Vertebra

A

Lumbar
Spinous process is wide and stumpy
Largest body
Int
Thoracic Vertebra
Spinous process points down
They have coastal facets

Cervical Vertebra
Smallest bodies

103
Q

Trachea is

A

Lower respiratory tract

Exercise Physiology 2/ exam 2 kin (2 decks)

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