Exam 2 KINEISIOLOGY Flashcards
Root Word for Heart
cardio
Root word for vessel
Vascular
Systemic Circuit
Supplies to body
Pulmonary circuit
Supply to lungs
Veins
Return blood to heart
O2 rich
Red O2 rich CO2 POOR
Arteries
Take blood from heart
O2 poor
Blue - O2 poor CO2 Rich
Heart Structures
300 g fist size
Location: mediastinum
Apex: left of midline
Base: widest part of heart
Epicardium
Epithelial tissue and fat
Holds major coronary vessels
Outer layer
Myocardium
Middle Layer
Cardiac Muscle tissue
Connective tissue
Endocardium
Epithelial tissue
Endothelium
Pericardium
Pericardial Sac
Pericardial Cavity
Fibrous Layer
Serous Layer
PS: double walled sac
PC: cavity and fluid
FL: outer wall
SL: inner wall
Atrioventricular Valves
Right AV is tricuspid
3 cusps
Left AV is bicuspid
2 cusps
Mitral valve
Semilunar Valves
Pulmonary Valve
1st semilunar valve
Between R ventricle and pulmonary trunk
Aourtic Vavle
2nd semilunar valve
L ventricle and aorta
Cardiac cycle
Systole and Diastole
Systole: chambers contracting
Diastole: chambers relaxed
Atrial systole while ventricular is diastole
Lub Dub
S1 is Lub - mitral and tricuspid valves close
S2 Aortic and Pulmonic valves close
Fetal Heart
Foramen Ovale
Ductus Arteriosus
Foramen Ovale - interatrial opening
Seals after birth
Ductus arteriosus - shunt b/w pulmonary artery and aorta
Begins closing 10-15 hrs after birth
Capillary Facts
Smallest blood vessel
Site of exchange of gasses, nutrients, wastes
Blood Volume
Average Adult - 5 liters 8% of body weight 70-75ml per kg of body mass
Red Blood Cells
Erythrocytes
Biconcave disc
Oxygen Carrie’s
Hemoglobin
White Blood Cells
Luekocytes
Mobile defense system
Count is 7000
Life span 1 week
Buffy coat
Platelets
Thrombocytes 
Small Buffy coat
Not cells
Clots blood
Stimulated repair of blood vessels
Second, most numerous formed element behind red blood cells
Secrete vasoconstrictors
Tour of France
Blood doping
Taking blood and spinning all red blood cells out the. Right before race they would inject it
Plasma
92% water
7% proteins
Sickle Cells Anemia
Inherited
Common in African and Hispanic
Bone marrow transplants may cure disease
Cardiac vs. Skeletal Muscle
Similarities vs. Differences
Sim: actin and myosin
Sliding filament theory
Did: single nuclear
Shorter
Larger diameter
Cardiac conduction system, one
SA Node
Right atrium
Determine heart rate
Cardiac conduction system to
AV Node
Lower interatrial septum
Gateway to ventricle
Purkinje Fibers
Spread thru ventricles
Small branches
Electrocardiogram ECG
Electrical activity
Can identify:
Conduction pathway adnormalities
Measure
P wave : depolarization of atria
QRS Complex: depolarization of ventricles
T wave: repolarization of ventricles
Artificial Pacemakers
Treats arrhythmias
Cardiovascular disease risk factors
Non modifiable: getting old, history, gender, ethnicity
Modifiable: hypertension
Tobacco use
Physical inactivity
Alcohol use
Heart Attack
785,000 year
Treatment: angioplasty, bypass, drug therapy
Cardiac conduction system, AV bundle
Cord like
Right and left branches
Interventricular septum
Two Respiratory system divisions.
Conducting division
Respiratory
Conducting division function
Airflow
Nostrils to bronchioles
Respiratory division functions
Gas exchange of O2 and CO2
Between air in blood
Respiratory bronchioles to Alviola and other gas exchange sites
Alveoli spongy
150,000,000 sacs
Where air goes in
Super thin
Capillaries go around it
Macrophages are
In alveoli
Macrophages get rid of pollen and dust on the
Goblet cells
Secrete mucus which capture pollen in dust
Cilia
Moves mucus up trachea, which is how macrophages come up
Lower respiratory track Plerurae
Visceral pleura
Covers lungs
Attached to ribs
Secrete fluid
Creates pressure gradient
Lower respiratory tract
Functions of pleurae and pleural fluid
Creates pressure gradient
Atmospheric pressure
Intrapulmonic pressure
Intrapleural pressure
A- outside world pressure
I- pressure within lungs
I2-  pressure to explained pleural
Pulmonary ventilation
Breading in an out of body
Inspirations
Expiration
Inspiration is breathing
Expiration is breathing out
Boyles law
Decreasing volume increases collisions and increases pressure
Quiet breathing
Inspiration
Expiration
(Boules Law)
Inspiration- lungs volume increases pressure decreases
Pleura increases (surrounds lungs)
Expiration - lung volume decreases pressure increases
Passive process muscles relax
No muscle input
What muscles are required for inspiration of labor breathing
Diaphragm
External intercostals
Sternocleidomastoid
Scalenes
What muscles are required for forced expiration labored breathing
Internal in intercoastal’s
Abdominal muscles
Rectus abdominous
External and internal obliques transverse abdominous
Breathing and pressure changes at rest and inspiration and expiration
At rest
Atmospheric pressure is 760
Intrapulmonary pressure is 760
Intrapleural pressure is 760
Inspiration
Atmospheric pressure is 760
PRESSURES LOWER
Intrapulmonary pressure is 758
Intrapleural pressure is 754
Expiration atmospheric pressure is the same but enter poetic pressure increases to 763 and intrapleural pressure decreases to 756
External respiration verse internal respiration
External- air goes to lungs and is O2 poor
Internal blood and cells exchange is O2, rich in pics of CO2
Partial pressure of gases
Internal respiration first external respiration
Internal- PO2 drives oxygen from blood into cells
PCO2 and Membrane Solubility Drive CO2 from cell to
External - PO to dredge oxygen from alveoli into blood
PCO2 and Membrane Solubility Drive CO2 from blood to alveoli
Poutine respiratory group
How deep or shallow, your breathing is send signals to Vegas nerve which regulates diaphragm
Respiratory center locations
Brainstem pons medulla oblangata
Ventral respiratory group
Chemo receptors help get blood back to resting state in response to irritant (cough)
Chemoreceptors
Stretch receptors
Irritant receptors
Chemoreceptors monitor, pH, O2 and CO2
Stretch, receptors, monitor lung filling
Irritant, receptors, monitor, dust, and pollen
Why do we sneeze?
Foreign particles reach the mucous membrane
Tidal volume
Volume move in or out of the lungs during cycle 500 ML
Inspiratory reserve volume 2500ml
Volume inhaled during forced breathing
Inspiratory capacity
3000 ML
Max inhaled after TV exhale
Expiration reserve volume
Volume exhaled during forced breathing lower than tidal volume
Vital capacity, 4500 ml
Volume that remains after Max expiration
Total lung capacity equation 6000 ML
TLC - IC
a-vO2 difference ateriovenous
The extent of which oxygen is removed from the blood as it passes through the body
Will increase with exercise
Aerobic, exercise - oxygen transport
Maximal oxygen consumption
Submaximal testing
Maximal, oxygen consumption,
VO2MAX test
Maximal ability to intake, distribute and use 02
Submaximal testing
The O2 sub Max not as intense
Asthma
Information in the airways
Pneumothorax
Collapsed lung
Build up of air outside
Increases pressure of long
Altitude considerations
Conditions:
Decrease atmospheric pressure and PO2
FX :
Increase ventilation, resting heart rate be P
Altitude sickness and a cute mountain sickness
Altitude- hypoxia, which is reduced 02
Acute - cerebral vasodilation
Altitude considerations training, benefits
Increase red blood cell production
Mitochondria
Capillaries
Spinal Fusion
Pathology
S- permantly connects two or more vertebral bones (wires rod or screws)
P- significant intervertebral disc disease
slippage of the vertebral bodies
Ribs
True Ribs
Flase Ribs
True - 7 pairs
directly to sternum
False - 5 pairs
floating ribs 2 pairs
women get these removed
Sternum is made up of 3 parts ( top to bottom)
manubrium
body
xiphoid process
Intervertebral Joints 2
At every level spinal nerves come off
Cartilaginous (fibrocartilage)
Synovial Joints (facet Joints)
Intervertebral Disks
2 portions:
nucleas pulposus (in the middle)
annulus fibrosus ( on the outside)
Function:
Helps create shock absorption
increase spinal motion
lose height during the day 25% of height
degenerate with age and activity
Herniated Disc
nucleus pulposus herniates through annulus fibrosus
What percentage of people have lower back pian?
80% back pain
Function of Spinal Cord
Part of the CNS
Gives rise to spinal nerves
Protected by:
Bone
fat
fluid Cerebral
muscle
meninges
Spinal Nerves…
Dorsal roots going out back
ventral roots going out front
Spinal - carry sensory and motor nuerons
Dorsal - carry sensory nuerons only (Afferent)
Ventral - carry motor nuerons (efferent)
Sternocleiodomastoid
Unilateral: Rotation to the opposite side
lateral flexion to same side
Bilateral: flexion
o: Manubrium of sternum; medial 1/3 of clavicle
i: mastoid process
External Oplique
Unilateral: Rotation to the opposite side
Lateral flexion to same side
o: last 8 ribs
i: iliac crest, inguinal ligament, fascia
Rectus abdominis
Unilateral: Lateral flexion to same side
o: pubis
i: costal cartilage & sternum
bilateral action: flexion (abdomi
Internal Oblique
Unilateral: lateral flexion to the same side
rotation to the same side
o: iliac crest, inguinal ligament, fascia
i: lower ribs, linea alba
Transverse Abdominis
Unilateral: Rotation to the same side
Bilateral: compression only
o: iliac crest, inguinal ligament, fascia
i: aponeurosis to linea alba
Diaphragm
o: lumbar vertebra., costal cartilage, inf. rib cage
i: central tendon
Splenius Capitis
o: spinous processes, ligamentum nuchae
i: mastoid process
Splenius Cervicis
o: spinous processes
i: transverse processes
Scalenes
Unilateral: lateral flexion to the same side
Bilateral: Flexion
o: transverse processes (C1-C7)
i: 1st & 2nd ribs
Erector Spinae group
bilateral action: extension
unilateral action: rotation & lateral flexion to same side
Withting Erector Spinae Group
Spinalis
longissimus
iliocostalis
spinalis
o: spinous processes, LN
i: superior spinous processes
longissimus
o: thoracolumbar aponeurosis
i: transverse processes
iliocostalis
o: thoracolumbar aponeurosis
i: transverse processes, ribs
quadratus lumborum
o: iliac crest
i: 12th rib & transverse processes L1-L4
Deep Back Muscles Transversospinalis group:
Interspinales; multifidus; rotatores
Linda Alba
Attachment sites for obliques and transverse abdominal
Spine movment to least moveable
Cervical
lumber
thoracic
Dermatomes
the superficial areas associated with the specific spinal nerves
Spinal cord enlargements location and description
Lumbar Enlargement - in thoracic - pack of nuerons
Conus Medullaris - Solid mass - in lumbar
Cauda Equina - in lower lumbar begins at L1 L2 - splits into many nerves
Groups of nerves are called ……
plexuses
Phrenic Nerve
Regulates Breathing
C3-C5
innervates diaphragm
Brachial Plexus rankings from top to bottom 3
Radial
Median
Ulnar
Lumbosacral Plexus rankings from top to bottom 3
Sciatic
Femoral
Tibial
Autorymthmic
Myogenic
Autorymic - automatically beat
Myogenic - polarize to create signal to beat
Heart will beat on its own because of Myogenic cells
Lumbar vs. Thoracic Vertebra difference Cervical Vertebra
Lumbar
Spinous process is wide and stumpy
Largest body
Int
Thoracic Vertebra
Spinous process points down
They have coastal facets
Cervical Vertebra
Smallest bodies
Trachea is
Lower respiratory tract
