Exam 1 Flashcards
Body comp( percent body fat) vs BMI
Body Comp: Chemical Model, Anatomical Model, Two Compartment Model
BMI: Body Weight in Kilograms/Height in m^2
Does not account for body composition
Obesity and Physcial Activity
Obesity continues to increase
What happened to weight during BRFSS? Throughout the years 2011-2020
Individuals becoming more heavy set/ obese thoughout the years
Racial ethinicity differed in weight in these graphs
What are health disparities?
preventable differences in the burden of disease injury violence
difference enviorments bring different things
All age groups have health disparities
Kahoot question
RMR - Resting Metabolic rate
Bodies metabolic rate throughout day
most adults lie between 60-75%
TEM - Thermal Effect of Meals Check with Linds
High Protein Diets
Energy expended to digest and store nutrients
10% of total energy expenditure
TEA - Thermal Effect of Activity
Walking to Class
Energy expended to accomplish activities
TDEE - Total Daily Energy Expenditure Check with Linds
Will mostly be best way to calculate
Obesity - Etiology Physiological and Lifestyle Factors
Physiological - Genetics, Hormonal Imbalance
Lifestyle Factors - Habits, Physical Activity, Diet
Good Cholesteral
HDL
Small Dense LDL is okay too
Where are mens fat distribution and womens fat?
Obesity men - upper body ANDROID (apple shape)
ANDROID is higher risk for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and elevated blood lipids
Obesity women - Lower Body GYNOID (Pear Shape)
Adults with higher weight……
are at risk for covid-19 and many other sicknesses
Do obese individuals have higher or lower opoid receptors?
Dopamine receptors
WHAT ABOUT NORMAL WEIGHT
Opoid- down lower
Dopamine - same
Fitness vs Fatness
Individuals need to do what no matter what body weight they are at
Having engagement in exercise
Fitness status is biggest contributor to all cause mortality
Calorie Balance when trying to lose vs gain weight
lose - calorie deficit
gain - calorie surplus
Which of these nuclear or mitochondrial dna have more protective tissue?
Nuclear
Mitchondrial DNA less protective mechanisms
D257A Mice
Mitochondrial DNA damage given to them
Lead to far less healthy lives - aged prematurely
How to protect mitochondrial dna?
sleep , nutrition, health
Brown Fat
Metablolicaly active fat tissue because of mitchondrial density and capillary density
around spinal cord and brain
Helps produce energy and heat
Has more mitochondria and capillaries that why it is more metabolically active tissue which leads to increase metabolic rate
People that live in colder places will have more brown fat to keep them warm
Type 1 vs Type 2 Diabetes
- Autoimmune,
Less common,
body destroys pancreatic cells B - Cells (1 in 20) (Administer itself)
- Beta cells less respnonsive
Impaired insulin secretion (most likely to take medication to help body metaforman)
Short Term 72 hour effect with exercise changig on our blood glucose
Prediabetes
impaired fasting glucose
SIgns of type 1 diabetes
Thirst
Weight Loss
Extreme Hunger
Fatigue
SIgns of type 2 diabetes
Any type 1 symptom
Vision Changes
Infections
amputation in foot when severe
How to Maintain type 1 and type 2 diabetes
Type 1 - Insulin Administration
Diet
Exercise
Type 2 - Weight loss
Diet
Exercise
Metaformin DRUG
Exercise enhances…..
inuslin sensativity
muscle contraction mimics insulin action
Obesity increases risk of…..
diabetes and cardiovascular diabetes
Exercise Effects of type 2 diabetes….
Which of these will play a role in 72 hours with blood glucose control
Exercise and physical activity
GLUT4
Receptor on outside of muscle cell that allows glucose in cell
Do not always need insulin to be paired with glucose
contraction mediated glucose uptake
I will help bring glucose into the cell without insulin
HBA1C Test
Glucose control of the last three months
A1C Test
Test Long term blood pressure control Below 5.7% good, Above 6.4% diabetes
Fasting Blood Sugar Test
Glucose in the current moment
Glucose Tolerance Test -3 month
Super Gatorade Sugary Drink - over a couple of hours
GRAPH LOOK AT IT
Number 1 killer in U.S.
Cardiovascular Disease
1 in 3 americans have….
hypertension (pie graph)
Cardiovascular disease is the umbrella term for
Coronary Heart Disease
Hypertension
Stroke
Heart Failure
Other
Coronary Heart Disease accounts for…..
Half of cardiovascular Deaths, which then leads to myocardial infarction
(narrowing of coronary arteries, fatty plaque formation, Atheroscelrosis, Blood supply to myocardium)
Atheroscelerosis
Begins early in life
Fatty streaks appear in coronary arteries, combination of genetics and lifestyle
American Heart Association Guidelines for Hypertension
Normal: Less than 120/80 mmHg
Elevated: Systolic between 120-129 and Diastolic less than 80mmHg
If diastolic is elevated above 80 then they are elevated at risk
Hypretensive Crisis: Systolic over 180 mmHg and or diastolic over 120mmHg
Atheroscorolsis and high blood pressure are high for heart failure some ways to reduce risk
diet excercise sleep
Atheroscelorosis
Progressive narrowing of the blood vessels 
Hardened Arteries
Controlling Factors vs Uncontralable for risk of hypertension or heart disease
Controlling:
Weight
Diet
Tobacco
Stress
Physical Inactivity
Uncontrollable:
Family History
Age
Sex
Race
C Reactive Protein CRP
Measure whole body inflammation
Coronary artery Calcium CAC
Scan of heart (calcium in arteries)
Ankle Brachial Index ABI
Blood pressure of ankle and arm (hopefully the same 120/120)
VLDL Cholesteral
Bad
LDL Cholesteral (Low Density)
Bad
HDL Cholesterol (High Density)
Good, too much increase risk of cancer
Food Cholesterol does not translate to
bad cholesterol
Food Cholesterol =/ Blood Cholesterol
Plaque consist of
Smooth Muscle, inflammatory Cells
Fibrous Cap (Thick and Thin)
Thin caps = more unstable = easier rupture
Rupture WILL LEAD TO Thrombus Formation
Hypertension leads to
Poorly Understood Condition
Leads to
Kidney Disease
Adrenal Tumors
Congenital Defect of Aorta
________ refers to the differences or inequalities that occur in the provision and access to healthcare.
Health Disparities
RMR accounts for around ____ % of total daily energy expenditure.
60%
The term ______ accounts for body size.
BMI
The term _____ accounts for body composition
Body Fat %
Which receptors tend to be less abundant in the brains of obese individuals?
Opiod
_____ is considered a major risk factor for serious COVID-19 complications in people
Obesity
The D257A mouse has an impaired ability to edit/repair_____.
Mitochondrial DNA
What does RMR stand for?
Resting Metabolic Rate
High levels of ______ fat are associated with increased RMR.
Brown
It is possible for the muscle cell to bring in glucose without the presence of insulin.
True
This map of the United States looks at occurrence of CVD and Deaths, what does this
Obesity Map(s) from the BRFSS
What pathology is the number 1 killer within the United States?
Cardiovascular Disease
What is a Myocardial Infarction
Heart Attack
Guy’s recent blood pressure readings have been 118/92 - what classification would he be in?
Hypertension Stage 2
Is hypertension more prevelant in some racial/ethnic groups?
True
Higher Exercise Intensity….
Greater risk reduction
Natural GLP-1 Agonist PPT
Yerba mate
Berberine
Reservatrol
Cinnamon
Curcumin
Normal Pressure = MAP = DBP +1/3 Pulse Pressure
Coronary Heart Disease Endotheulial Injury
High Blood LDL
Smoke
Hypertension
Infections
Increase in plack build up
Reducing Hpypertension risk through physical activity
Decreasing body fat
Decrease in blood glue close levels
Decreasing insulin
Reducing coronary heart disease risk through physical activity
Lower blood pressure
Lower LDL
Higher HDL cholesterol
Lower total cholesterol relative to HDL
Decrees information
Increase endothelial function
Increase insulin sensitivity
