exam #2 key terms Flashcards
Hue and cry
a requirement that all able-bodied men were expected to assist with maintaining order in a community. ex. The Frankpledge System
Tythings
policing based on this hue and cry principle where men as young as 15 years of age were organized into groups of ten families
Tythingman
charged with the responsibility of maintaining order
Bow street runners
England’s earliest police force was paid constables that were equipped with batons, handcuffs, and uniforms. However, these early attempts at organized policing proved to be insufficient to deal with rising social disorder and crime that coincided with the Industrial Revolution.
North west mounted police
was established in 1873 with the express purpose of exercising control over the expansive western areas of Canada.
contract policing
refers to an arrangement where RCMP officers provide provincial and municipal policing services.
Royal Canadian mounted police act
a piece of federal legislation that provides the framework for the operation of the RCMP
regional police service
a police force developed through an amalgamation of several smaller independent police departments into a single, larger police organization
municipal police service
another level of policing, provide policing within a city’s boundaries, enforcing the Criminal Code, provincial statutes, municipal bylaws, and some federal statutes such as the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act.
pluralization of policing
refers to the sharing of responsibility for safety and security in the community between public and private police
crime control
includes responding to and investigating crimes, arresting suspects, and patrolling communities to maintain safety
order maintenance
including the maintenance and resolution of public disputes and the maintenance of peace during public protests. Order maintenance, particularly the policing of public protests, has long garnered the most public scrutiny and criticism of police
crime prevention and service
including the formation and maintenance of relationships with community stakeholders and additional community services.
police acts
provide the basic legislative framework for the structure of police forces and outline police operations. The RCMP Act, an example of a police act, would outline the qualifications and roles of officers, codes of conduct, and public complaint and disciplinary procedures
police standards
refers to provisions that are supplemental to police acts and set out how police services will be maintained and delivered.
police boards
typically comprised of community members and city council members and are involved with the hiring of the Chief Constable, managing the police budget, and negotiating collective agreements with police labour associations.
working personality of police officers
refers to a set of attitudinal and behavioural attributes that develop as a consequence of the unique role and activities of police officers.
Occupational culture
refers to accepted practices, rules, and principles of conduct that are situationally applied, and generated rationales and beliefs
Mr Big practice
refers to a police investigative technique whose development is credited to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. In this practice, an undercover police officer approaches a suspect of a serious crime and describes an imaginary criminal organization in attempt to seduce or persuade the suspect to “join” the organization
Discretion
refers to the freedom of police officers to use their judgment and choose among the options when confronted with the need to make a decision.
police deviance
has been defined as a “generic description of police officer activities which are inconsistent with the officer’s legal authority, organizational authority, and standards of ethical conduct”
Occupational deviancy
refers to “criminal and non-criminal [behavior] committed during the course of normal work activities or committed under the guise of the police officer’s authority”
Rotten Apple’s View
most police deviance or misconduct is accounted for by a handful of “rotten apples” that do not reflect on their colleagues or the larger police occupation and culture
Experience problem behavior curve
which shows that many officers in trouble for misconduct are young, relatively inexperienced, and more likely to engage in misconduct in those instances where they have initiated a proactive policing encounter with a citizen
The Principle of accountability
holds that “the actions of police officers and police services are subject to review [and] there are formal channels that an individual can use to lodge complaints against the police”
professional model of policing
a model of police work that is reactive, incident-driven, and centred on random patrol. Under this model police randomly patrol neighbourhoods under the rationale that high police visibility will serve as a deterrent to prospective offenders
incident-driven patrol
envisions the role of police as primarily to respond to citizen calls for help
community policing
refers to a philosophy of policing centred on police-community partnerships and problem solving.
Community-based strategic policing
a model of police work that incorporates the key principles of community policing with crime prevention, crime response, and crime attack approaches
COMPSTAT
a strategy designed to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of police services while holding police personnel accountable for achieving crime reducing objectives.
Environmental scans
refer to studies of demographic factors in a given jurisdiction designed to identify future trends and challenges that a police service may face in that area.
Intelligence-led policing
refers to policing that is guided by the collection and systematic analysis of information that is used to inform police decision-making at both the tactical and the strategic level.
Primary crime prevention programs
programs that identify opportunities for criminal offences and alter those conditions to reduce the likelihood that a crime will be committed
Crime Prevention through Environmental Design
is a situational crime prevention technique that focuses on the physical urban and landscape design to reduce opportunities for crime
Secondary crime prevention programs
programs that focus on areas that produce crime and disorder (ex. DARE program)
Crime response strategies
These approaches ask the question – What is the best way to respond to crime?
intervening variable
refers to a variable that explains how one variable effects changes in another variable.
Broken Window Theory
a conservative criminological theory that proposes that social disorder in a neighbourhood that is not checked or kept in balance by the community has a signalling effect that attracts disreputable people and invites more crime and disorder
Zero tolerance policing
a police strategy that focuses on disorder and minor infractions where police officers occupy a high-visibility role on the streets of a community and focus on aggressively policing disorder and minor infractions.
crime attack strategies
proactive operations by the police to target and apprehend criminal offenders
Environmental criminology
a sub-discipline of criminology that examines how geographic and spatial factors can influence crime patterns
Crime mapping
refers to the spatial analysis of crime patterns in a geographic location using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software. This approach to crime data and analysis allows police services to identify crime hotspots
tactical or directed patrols
involves saturating high-crime areas (or hot spots) with a greater police presence
Toronto Police Service Anti-Violence Intervention Strategy (TAVIS)
TAVIS was developed to address concerns with gun violence in neighbourhoods where gang activity was more prevalent. It is an example of targeting high risk offenders.The logic underlying a program like TAVIS is that community members will be more likely to work with police to improve neighbourhood safety if their relationship with police officers is stronger and more personal.
community notification
crime attack strategy which refers to the practice of advising the media, crime victims, and the public when certain offenders are released from correctional facilities
crime rates
official police-reported crime that captures a wide range of factors that potentially influence crime.
clearance rates
the proportion of actual incidents known to the police that result in the identification of a suspect, whether or not that suspect is charged or convicted
The Jordan Decision
set a new framework for determining what constitutes a reasonable delay. For less serious offences, a trial must now be completed within 18 months; cases for serious offences that exceed 30 months will now be considered an unreasonable delay.
provincial and territorial courts
These lower courts hear routine or less serious criminal cases where the potential outcomes for accused individuals are less serious. Provincial courts then are meant to be “high-volume, low-delay” courts
preliminary inquiry
a hearing to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to justify a trial for more serious offences heard in the provincial superior courts
provincial superior courts
maintained by the provincial governments but judges are appointed to these courts by the federal government. they have absolute jurisdiction
absolute jurisdiction
Provincial courts have absolute jurisdiction over several types of offences:
(i) provincially-enacted offences
(ii) summary conviction offences
(iii) hybrid offence where the Crown proceeds by summary conviction
(iv) indictable offences in Section 553 of the Criminal Code (less serious indictable offences).
Supreme Court of Canada
the highest court in Canada and acts a “general court of appeal”. Similar to provincial courts of appeal, the role of the Supreme Court is to promote uniformity in the application and interpretation of laws.
appeals by right
For provincial appeal courts you can appeal by right; that is, if you can afford the legal costs you can appeal a decision from a provincial superior court judge and the appellate court must hear the appeal.
appeal by leave
requesting that a higher court hear your appeal but that court determines whether it wants to review your case.
problem-solving courts
“specialized courts that are designed to divert offenders with special needs from the criminal justice system”
the court-room working group
the criminal justice professional, including the judge, Crown attorney, and defence lawyers who are present in the courtroom”
Adjudication of Disputes Model
the law is something that “already exists”, created in legislatures, and the role of judges is to find the appropriate law, interpret it, and apply it to facts presented in cases
the Judicial Policy-Maker model
argues that laws have an “unfinished quality”; that is, laws are generally words and judges must exercise some creativity in interpreting their meaning in specific cases.
Judicial independence
allows judges to apply and interpret the law without any political or public pressure.
Canadian Judicial Council
a federal body created under Judges Act, reviews the professional and personal conduct of judges in those cases in which complaints have emerged. with mandate to promote efficiency, uniformity, and accountability, and to improve quality of judicial services in the superior courts of Canada
Crown Attorney
a public servant licensed to practice law who represents the state in criminal proceedings against the accused. Crown Attorneys are expected to present credible evidence.
Prosecutorial discretion
refers to the decision-making powers of Crown Attorneys and the discretion available to them when deciding to press criminal charges
