exam #2 key terms

Question 1

Hue and cry

Answer 1

a requirement that all able-bodied men were expected to assist with maintaining order in a community. ex. The Frankpledge System

Question 2

Tythings

Answer 2

policing based on this hue and cry principle where men as young as 15 years of age were organized into groups of ten families

Question 3

Tythingman

Answer 3

charged with the responsibility of maintaining order

Question 4

Bow street runners

Answer 4

England’s earliest police force was paid constables that were equipped with batons, handcuffs, and uniforms. However, these early attempts at organized policing proved to be insufficient to deal with rising social disorder and crime that coincided with the Industrial Revolution.

Question 5

North west mounted police

Answer 5

was established in 1873 with the express purpose of exercising control over the expansive western areas of Canada.

Question 6

contract policing

Answer 6

refers to an arrangement where RCMP officers provide provincial and municipal policing services.

Question 7

Royal Canadian mounted police act

Answer 7

a piece of federal legislation that provides the framework for the operation of the RCMP

Question 8

regional police service

Answer 8

a police force developed through an amalgamation of several smaller independent police departments into a single, larger police organization

Question 9

municipal police service

Answer 9

another level of policing, provide policing within a city’s boundaries, enforcing the Criminal Code, provincial statutes, municipal bylaws, and some federal statutes such as the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act.

Question 10

pluralization of policing

Answer 10

refers to the sharing of responsibility for safety and security in the community between public and private police

Question 11

crime control

Answer 11

includes responding to and investigating crimes, arresting suspects, and patrolling communities to maintain safety

Question 12

order maintenance

Answer 12

including the maintenance and resolution of public disputes and the maintenance of peace during public protests. Order maintenance, particularly the policing of public protests, has long garnered the most public scrutiny and criticism of police

Question 13

crime prevention and service

Answer 13

including the formation and maintenance of relationships with community stakeholders and additional community services.

Question 14

police acts

Answer 14

provide the basic legislative framework for the structure of police forces and outline police operations. The RCMP Act, an example of a police act, would outline the qualifications and roles of officers, codes of conduct, and public complaint and disciplinary procedures

Question 15

police standards

Answer 15

refers to provisions that are supplemental to police acts and set out how police services will be maintained and delivered.

Question 16

police boards

Answer 16

typically comprised of community members and city council members and are involved with the hiring of the Chief Constable, managing the police budget, and negotiating collective agreements with police labour associations.

Question 17

working personality of police officers

Answer 17

refers to a set of attitudinal and behavioural attributes that develop as a consequence of the unique role and activities of police officers.

Question 18

Occupational culture

Answer 18

refers to accepted practices, rules, and principles of conduct that are situationally applied, and generated rationales and beliefs

Question 19

Mr Big practice

Answer 19

refers to a police investigative technique whose development is credited to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. In this practice, an undercover police officer approaches a suspect of a serious crime and describes an imaginary criminal organization in attempt to seduce or persuade the suspect to “join” the organization

Question 20

Discretion

Answer 20

refers to the freedom of police officers to use their judgment and choose among the options when confronted with the need to make a decision.

Question 21

police deviance

Answer 21

has been defined as a “generic description of police officer activities which are inconsistent with the officer’s legal authority, organizational authority, and standards of ethical conduct”

Question 22

Occupational deviancy

Answer 22

refers to “criminal and non-criminal [behavior] committed during the course of normal work activities or committed under the guise of the police officer’s authority”

Question 23

Rotten Apple’s View

Answer 23

most police deviance or misconduct is accounted for by a handful of “rotten apples” that do not reflect on their colleagues or the larger police occupation and culture

Question 24

Experience problem behavior curve

Answer 24

which shows that many officers in trouble for misconduct are young, relatively inexperienced, and more likely to engage in misconduct in those instances where they have initiated a proactive policing encounter with a citizen

Question 25

The Principle of accountability

Answer 25

holds that “the actions of police officers and police services are subject to review [and] there are formal channels that an individual can use to lodge complaints against the police”

Question 26

professional model of policing

Answer 26

a model of police work that is reactive, incident-driven, and centred on random patrol. Under this model police randomly patrol neighbourhoods under the rationale that high police visibility will serve as a deterrent to prospective offenders

Question 27

incident-driven patrol

Answer 27

envisions the role of police as primarily to respond to citizen calls for help

Question 28

community policing

Answer 28

refers to a philosophy of policing centred on police-community partnerships and problem solving.

Question 29

Community-based strategic policing

Answer 29

a model of police work that incorporates the key principles of community policing with crime prevention, crime response, and crime attack approaches

Question 30

COMPSTAT

Answer 30

a strategy designed to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of police services while holding police personnel accountable for achieving crime reducing objectives.

Question 31

Environmental scans

Answer 31

refer to studies of demographic factors in a given jurisdiction designed to identify future trends and challenges that a police service may face in that area.

Question 32

Intelligence-led policing

Answer 32

refers to policing that is guided by the collection and systematic analysis of information that is used to inform police decision-making at both the tactical and the strategic level.

Question 33

Primary crime prevention programs

Answer 33

programs that identify opportunities for criminal offences and alter those conditions to reduce the likelihood that a crime will be committed

Question 34

Crime Prevention through Environmental Design

Answer 34

is a situational crime prevention technique that focuses on the physical urban and landscape design to reduce opportunities for crime

Question 35

Secondary crime prevention programs

Answer 35

programs that focus on areas that produce crime and disorder (ex. DARE program)

Question 36

Crime response strategies

Answer 36

These approaches ask the question – What is the best way to respond to crime?

Question 37

intervening variable

Answer 37

refers to a variable that explains how one variable effects changes in another variable.

Question 38

Broken Window Theory

Answer 38

a conservative criminological theory that proposes that social disorder in a neighbourhood that is not checked or kept in balance by the community has a signalling effect that attracts disreputable people and invites more crime and disorder

Question 39

Zero tolerance policing

Answer 39

a police strategy that focuses on disorder and minor infractions where police officers occupy a high-visibility role on the streets of a community and focus on aggressively policing disorder and minor infractions.

Question 40

crime attack strategies

Answer 40

proactive operations by the police to target and apprehend criminal offenders

Question 41

Environmental criminology

Answer 41

a sub-discipline of criminology that examines how geographic and spatial factors can influence crime patterns

Question 42

Crime mapping

Answer 42

refers to the spatial analysis of crime patterns in a geographic location using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software. This approach to crime data and analysis allows police services to identify crime hotspots

Question 43

tactical or directed patrols

Answer 43

involves saturating high-crime areas (or hot spots) with a greater police presence

Question 44

Toronto Police Service Anti-Violence Intervention Strategy (TAVIS)

Answer 44

TAVIS was developed to address concerns with gun violence in neighbourhoods where gang activity was more prevalent. It is an example of targeting high risk offenders.The logic underlying a program like TAVIS is that community members will be more likely to work with police to improve neighbourhood safety if their relationship with police officers is stronger and more personal.

Question 45

community notification

Answer 45

crime attack strategy which refers to the practice of advising the media, crime victims, and the public when certain offenders are released from correctional facilities

Question 46

crime rates

Answer 46

official police-reported crime that captures a wide range of factors that potentially influence crime.

Question 47

clearance rates

Answer 47

the proportion of actual incidents known to the police that result in the identification of a suspect, whether or not that suspect is charged or convicted

Question 48

The Jordan Decision

Answer 48

set a new framework for determining what constitutes a reasonable delay. For less serious offences, a trial must now be completed within 18 months; cases for serious offences that exceed 30 months will now be considered an unreasonable delay.

Question 49

provincial and territorial courts

Answer 49

These lower courts hear routine or less serious criminal cases where the potential outcomes for accused individuals are less serious. Provincial courts then are meant to be “high-volume, low-delay” courts

Question 50

preliminary inquiry

Answer 50

a hearing to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to justify a trial for more serious offences heard in the provincial superior courts

Question 51

provincial superior courts

Answer 51

maintained by the provincial governments but judges are appointed to these courts by the federal government. they have absolute jurisdiction

Question 52

absolute jurisdiction

Answer 52

Provincial courts have absolute jurisdiction over several types of offences:

(i) provincially-enacted offences
(ii) summary conviction offences
(iii) hybrid offence where the Crown proceeds by summary conviction
(iv) indictable offences in Section 553 of the Criminal Code (less serious indictable offences).

Question 53

Supreme Court of Canada

Answer 53

the highest court in Canada and acts a “general court of appeal”. Similar to provincial courts of appeal, the role of the Supreme Court is to promote uniformity in the application and interpretation of laws.

Question 54

appeals by right

Answer 54

For provincial appeal courts you can appeal by right; that is, if you can afford the legal costs you can appeal a decision from a provincial superior court judge and the appellate court must hear the appeal.

Question 55

appeal by leave

Answer 55

requesting that a higher court hear your appeal but that court determines whether it wants to review your case.

Question 56

problem-solving courts

Answer 56

“specialized courts that are designed to divert offenders with special needs from the criminal justice system”

Question 57

the court-room working group

Answer 57

the criminal justice professional, including the judge, Crown attorney, and defence lawyers who are present in the courtroom”

Question 58

Adjudication of Disputes Model

Answer 58

the law is something that “already exists”, created in legislatures, and the role of judges is to find the appropriate law, interpret it, and apply it to facts presented in cases

Question 59

the Judicial Policy-Maker model

Answer 59

argues that laws have an “unfinished quality”; that is, laws are generally words and judges must exercise some creativity in interpreting their meaning in specific cases.

Question 60

Judicial independence

Answer 60

allows judges to apply and interpret the law without any political or public pressure.

Question 61

Canadian Judicial Council

Answer 61

a federal body created under Judges Act, reviews the professional and personal conduct of judges in those cases in which complaints have emerged. with mandate to promote efficiency, uniformity, and accountability, and to improve quality of judicial services in the superior courts of Canada

Question 62

Crown Attorney

Answer 62

a public servant licensed to practice law who represents the state in criminal proceedings against the accused. Crown Attorneys are expected to present credible evidence.

Question 63

Prosecutorial discretion

Answer 63

refers to the decision-making powers of Crown Attorneys and the discretion available to them when deciding to press criminal charges