exam 2 (Intro to Psych) Flashcards
what did Alfred Binet develop?
he developed a way to see development of a child’s mind (IQ)
what did Alfred Binet establish?
norms
what is IQ?
intelligence quotient, what is measured by a standardized test of intelligence.
what is the history of IQ?
Is test arose from the need to exempt children from formal schooling
what is the formula for IQ?
what is MA and CA from IQ?
MA- Mental age
CA= chronological age
what are the two sub scales for IQ?
what are the two sub scales for IQ?
what is WAIC?
Wechlser adult intelligence scale
is intelligence something people have more or less of as a whole with what?
g factor (measurement of general education)
s intelligence a independent skill with what?
spearman g (general intelligence)
what was Thurstone’s idea?
the idea of separation of primary skills
what was Howard gardeners theory?
there are different types of intelligence
what are Gardeners types of intelligence?
- verbal/linguistic intelligence
- logical/mathematical intelligence
- kinesthic intelligence
- visual/ spatial intelligence
- interpersonal intelligence
- intrapersonal intelligence
- naturalist intelligence
- existentialist
what makes a good test?
- reliability ( test gives same results time after time)
- validity (the test measures what it is supposed to measure)
- good IQ test should be standardized
what is mental load and what does it decrease?
demands on working memory
it decreases creative thinking
what is cognitive psychology?
the way in which information is processed and manipulated in remembering, think, and knowing
what are the two routes to cognitive decision?
- fast, intuition emotion, use “heuristics (hunches)
- conscious with effort, heavy on topic (rational)
what is cognitive bias?
this is the term to use when people are not realizing how much their thinking is influenced by decision making short cuts
what is availability in cognitive bias?
the tendency to over estimate the likely hood of events with greater availability in memory, which can be influenced by how recent the memories are or how unusual or emotionally charged they may be
what is the availibailty heuristic?
you know a small amount of information to make your decision when there is a lot of information to it
what is confirmation bias?
the tendency to search for, focus on and remember information in a way that confirms you beliefs
research on confirmation bias
humans love to be right
what was Craig Andersons research?
- (click) provide people made-up information
- (consider) let them discover a connection planted int he information
- (comment) ask them to write about their discovery
- (cling) watch the adhere to their new belief
- repeat step for over and over again
what did dunning Kruger create?
the cognitive bias is a cognitive bias in which people mistakenly assess their cognitive ability as greater than it is
how is stress involved with cognitive bias?
response to circumstances and events that threaten an individual and or strain coping ability
what is psychoneuroimmunology?
the study of attitudes and emotions influencing brain and immune system
ex. after the death of a spouse, most peoples health declines
what do emotions do?
emotions do help us make intelligent decisions and are adaptive
what are emotional responses that could increase our chance of survival?
- they signal something is important
- they guide us to not repeat things that are too dangerous or cause harm
- they guide us to retreat behaviors that resulted in favorable outcomes
who created the theory of emotions?
William James and Carl Lange
what was the James-Lange theory of emotion?
That the physical recaption causes the emotion
This theory also predicts that if you if your body doesn’t get the emotions you would simply no feel any emotion.
what is LeDoux view to emotion?
“some emotions wooer to operate independent of thoughts, as sort of the reflex but other emotions require appraisal and analysis”
what was Cannon-Bard theory for emotion?
- bear running then when the brain notes it
- the body will response and express emotion at the SAME TIME
what was James-lange theory in simple terms?
the expierence of an emotion is caused by the body’s response
what was Connor-Bard theory in simple terms?
the experience of emotion is separate from body response, they are separate responses that occur at the same time
what is the 2 factor theory?
when we find ourselves physically aroused we then have to look to environment for why… we then label the emotion (focus on misattribution possibilities)
what is Paige’s stages of cognitive development?
- sensorimotor (birth-2 years)
- pre operational (2-7 years)
- concrete operational (7-11 years)
- formal operational (adolescent-adulthood)
what do infant think about?
believed that they know nothing and will learn everything through their senses or movement
what do preschoolers think (Piaget stages)?
- they think with the use of symbols
- unable to use rules of logic
- cannot mentally reverse an action int heir mind
- cannot image another viewpoint
what do kids think (Piaget stages)?
- can not think abstractly
what do adults think (Piaget stages)?
- adult like thinking
- abstract thinking is possible allowing new types of thoughts
what are the critics to Piagets theory of development?
- Baillargeon’s research shows flaws with object permanence
- may be. better to think of Cog Deep as a continual change; rather than stage like
