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B&L > Exam 2 - Immunity > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Th1

A

INF-gamma, IL-2
Chemotactic for macrophages
M1 activation
CD4

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2
Q

Th17

A

IL-17
Chemotactic for macrophages
More inflammatory response (good for tough antigens)
CD4

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3
Q

Th2

A

IL-4
Chemotactic for macrophages and eosinophils
M2 activation
CD4

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4
Q

Tfh

A

IL-10, TGF-ß
Regulatory T-cell
Decreases T-cell activation, self-recognition
CD4

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5
Q

CTL

A 
CD8 (and CD3)
Antigen specific (fruit)
MHC specific (bowl)
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6
Q

T-cell epitopes

A

Continuous, AA chain

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7
Q

Extrinsic APC pathway

A

Antigen binds surface
Endocytosis and lysosomal degradation
Class II MHC vesicles fuse and bind
Exocytosis and presentation

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8
Q

Intrinsic APC pathway

A

During extrinsic pathway, some antigen leaks out
Will be loaded onto Class I MHC
Presented as if own protein
(Cross presentation - DC ONLY)

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9
Q

Immune Surveillance

A

All protein made by cell is expressed on Class I MHC

CTL monitor Class I MHC and activate when needed

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10
Q

Carbohydrate epitopes (T-independent)

A

Bind B cell with repeating epitope and backbone
B cell activation but no switching
IgM response

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11
Q

Lectins and Mitogens

A

Lectins: Proteins that recognize sugar
Mitogens: subclass
Can bind and activate sugar on T-cells
Cytokine storm - SIRS - shock

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12
Q

T-Cell Development

A 
Starts at periphery of thymus
Pre-T have both CD8 and CD4
Thymus cells have both MHC I and II
Selection/specificity or degradation
(Positive=normal, negative=Treg, non=degradation)
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13
Q

HLA Gene

A

Codes for MHC II and I on chr 6
DR = II
B and A = I

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14
Q

Mixed Leukocyte Reaction

A

Mix donor and host tissue
Small radiation knocks out donor lymphocytes
Measure proliferation of host lymphocytes

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15
Q

MHC Class I

A

Bowl is one chain
On all cells in body
Activates CTL
HLA B, C, A

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16
Q

MHC Class II

A

Bowl is half and half on chains
Used on all APC: Macro, DC, B cells
HLA D group (DP, DQ, DR)

17
Q

Allograft vs. autograft

A

Allo: Non-identical members of the same species
Auto: self

18
Q

Allorecognition

A

T cells can recognize self + antigen lymphocyte

T cells can recognize foreign lymphocyte

19
Q

Regions of LN

A 
Capsule
Subcapsular space
Cortex (follicles and germinal centers) - B cells
Paracortex - T cells
Medulla
20
Q

High endothelial venule

A

In lymph nodes

Signal recognition and diapedesis of lymphocytes form blood into lymph

21
Q

Thymus Structure

A

Trabeculae divide into pseudolobules
Cortex: densely packed thymocytes with dark nuc.
Medulla: less densely packed
Stromal cells (DC, mac) - provide matrix/support
Hassal’s corpuscles

22
Q

Hassal’s corpuscles

A

concentric layers of reticular cells

prduce thymic stromal lymphoprotein

23
Q

Thymus blood flow

A

Small arteries enter the capsule and bifucate within the CT septa
Tight junctions by stromal cells create blood-thymus barrier

24
Q

Spleen bood flow

A

Splenic artery and vein
Central arterioles that run deep and become discontinuous
Periarteriolar lymphoid sheath surrounds arterioles
Macrophages hang on reticular fibers

25
Q

White pulp

A

Periarteriolar lymphoid sheath
Contains germinal centers
primarily T cells

26
Q

Red pulp

A

Not white pulp
Contain most macrophages
Blood flows throughout

27
Q

Mucosal-Associated Lymphoid Tissue

A

Unencapsulated lymphoid cells
Tonsils, nodules, appendix, aggregations in intestine
Peyer’s patches

28
Q

M Cells

A

Deliver antigen to underlying tissues

29
Q

Natural immunity

A

Active: Exposure to pathogen
Passive: IgG/IgA passing

30
Q

Artificial immunity

A

Active: Immunization with vaccine, toxoid, etc
Passive: Serum with antibodies (serum sickness, type 3)

31
Q

Example of cross reaction vaccine

A

Tetanus - one toxin with one toxic part
Remove toxic region = toxoid
Use in immunization
Antibody only partially effective, antitoxin $$$

32
Q

Conjugate Vaccines

A

Carb epitope T-independent response
Conjugate carb with toxin
B cell binds, ingests, and displays toxin
Tfh responds to toxin, stimulates B response to carb

33
Q

Vaccine Adjuvants

A

Added to vaccines, innate immune response
Increased local cytokines/chemokines (aka innate) result in better environment for presenting APC
Can increase potency of vaccine
Ex. Alum (mimcs PAMP), Lipid A (HPV)

34
Q

Herd Immunity

A

Proportion of op that has immunity against (%)
Two outcomes:
1. Non-immune interacts with immune, infections member
2. Chance of transmission based on infectivity

35
Q

Herd Effect

A

decrease in infection rate in non-immune part of herd

36
Q

_____ infectivity requires _____ herd immunity

A

Higher, higher

>95% in measles (high infectivity)

37
Q

Viral Immunity

A
  1. Mucous membranes and IgA
  2. Plasma immunity and IgG
  3. Once in cells, need T cells: Class II (Th) and Class I (CTL) MHC
38
Q

Antibody titers

A

Indicate immune defense against disease
reciprocal of maximal dilution of serum that is still positive
If IgM also present or trends up = currently infected
If stable = has disease/vaccine

39
Q

DNA Vaccines

A

Inserting antigen coding DNA
Faster creation in event of outbreak
More stable for transport

B&L (8 decks)

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