Exam 2 Ilardi Flashcards by Athena Patsalis

Specific Phobia: Biological Model

preparedness hypothesis (Mineka's studies) also, genetic vulnerability (h= ~.30)
Neuroticism: more likely to acquire specific phobias

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Specific Phobia: Psychodynamic Model

phobic object is a SUMBOL of inner conflict

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Specific Phobia: Behavioral Model

classical conditioning, environment shapes us, start at a blank state and env. conditions us to fear specific things

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Specific Phobia: Cognitive model

observational learning: ○ Cognitively: what you think about things is what determines what you fear
○ Observational: what you observe from others can determine what you fear
○ People who we think of role models: child sees parent fearing something, they will fear it too.
· Treatments

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Treatments for specific phobias

Exposure based therapy (90% cure rate): aka habituation

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Ost

cures phobia in 3 hours because of exposure based hierarchy:

changes behavior, changes belief

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d-cyclorserine

promotes formation of new drugs, experiences hierarchy faster. TB antibiotic

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Panic attack

body’s adaptive alarm response (false alarm)

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how many people have a false alarm panic attack

1/3 people

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DSM symptoms of a panic attack

accelerated heart rate, sweating, shaking, short breath, choking, chest pain, nausea, dizzy, depersonalization or derealization, fear of losing control, fear of dying, Paraethesias: numbness or tingling sensations, chills.hot flashes

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Panic disorder

recurrent, unexpected panic attacks lasting on month or longer. constant living in terror

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prevalence of panic disorder

5% of population

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Gender ratio of panic disorder

F:M 2:1

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Co-morbid diagnoses

Depression and Alcohol abuse/dependence

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Medical Model cause of panic disorder

.48 genetic contribution
RCC- respiratory control center (suffocation reflex)
Sodium Lactate infusion challenge

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RCC

looks for oxygen in the blood, suffocation leads to more acidity of blood, RCC is an alarm

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Sodium Lactate infusion challenge

give people sodium lactate(supposed to supress symptoms of panic/anxiety), less likely to have a panic attack

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Barlow’s theory

said cognition matters-if people know they will be safe they wont have an attack

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Cognitive behavioral Model cause of panic disorder

revision of SLC (barlow)
faulty learning, maladaptive thoughts
patients misinterpret body sensations (interoceptive cues/fusiform gyrus)
catastrophic thoughts lead to panic
interoceptive cues(body sensations)

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Fusiform gyrus

circuits in the brain that help you recognize faces

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Treatments for Panic Disorder- drug treatments

SSRI, SNRI, Imaprime, Benzodiazephines

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SSRI

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

Prozac, paxil, soloft, celexa, lexapro

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SNRI

selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
Effexor, pristique, cymbalta
circuits that effect how we socialize

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Imipramine

tricyclic antidepressant, lethaal

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Benzo

xanax, ativan, klonopin tranqs, addictive. slows down firing of neurotransmittesr 80% successrate with panic disorders

deaths overdose/year

50,000

benzo % of overdoses

30% mix of benzos and alcohol/prescription drugs double risk of motor vehicle accident

presriptions of benzos per year

90 million (xanax #1)

side effects of benzos

sedation, impaired memory andmotor coordination, loss of restorative sleep (SLOW WAVE), depression, numbing, increased dementia, painful withdrawl

the plural to antidote

is not data

Psychological treatments of panic dosirder

CBT, exposure/habituation, modifying thoughts

best long term efficacy for psyc treatments for panic disorder

CBT 50% recovery after 2 yrs

Xanax

alprazolam

ativan

lorazepam

klonopin

clonazepam

valium

diazepam

Agoraphobia

fear of the markey- fear and avoid places that trigger panic

homebound

severe cases of agoraphobia

panic with agoraphoba=

harder to treat

effective treatment for agoraphobia

graded exposure hierarchy

Social Anxiety Disorder

phobic stimulus= people (strangers) | fear of embarrassment or humiliation

Prevalence of SAD/social phobia

12% 1/8 people

two types of SAD

performance linked, generalized

Performance linked SAD-

performance like sports or public speaking

treatment for performance linked

graded exposure or beta blockers(BB lower high blood pressure)

Generalized anxiery/Pervasive social anxiety

serotonin signaling (social drive, error detection) Rumination

treatment for Pervasie social anxiety

CBT, nardil MAO blocker, SSRIs

GAD: Generalized Anxiety Disorder

high anxiety and excessive worry for more than 6 months

Symptoms of GAD besides anxiety and worry

restlessness, fatigue, insomnia, irritability, concentration difficulties, muscle tension

What % does GAD partiens have another DSM diagnosis

90% .... (50% with depression)

Lifetime prevalence of GAD

Treatments for GAD

SSRI,. SNRI, Benzo, CBT, exercise, mindfulness meditation, probiotics

focus of CBT for GAD treatment

uncertainity intolderance, imaginal exposure

Mindfulness meditation

accepting everything in the moment and focusing on breathing

Probiotics

makes microbes healthy in microbiome and decreases anxiety!

magnesium

plays critical role in activity in circuits that regulte signaling anxiety.

OCD: Obsessive compulsive disorder

diagnosed by having either obsession or complusion, or both

obsession

recurrent intrusive thought, impulse (URGE), or image that causes anxiety and cannot be dismissed or put out of one’s mind

common themes of obsession

aggression, contamination, religious/blasphemy, pathological doubt/loss, sexuality, symmetry

compulsion

repetitive action (ritual) person feels compelled to do (usually linked to obsessions.

lifetime prevalence % of OCD

error detection is where?

anterior cingulate cortex

strep infection link to OCD

PANDAS

treatment for OCD

EXPOSURE AND RITUAL PREVENTION | anafranil, SSRI

success rate for exposure and ritual prevention for OCD

85%

how long do people with OCD go untreated before getting help

10 years

what percent of people have one or more intrusive, disturbing thought per year

80%