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Exam 2 - Health Psych > Exam 2- Health Psych > Flashcards

Exam 2- Health Psych Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a synaptic cleft

A

-The space between the neurons
-released neurotransmitters diffuse across synaptic cleft

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2
Q

mindfulness meditation

A

-roots in ancient buddhist practice
-sit in relaxed, upright posture
-focus on thoughts and sensations that occur
-enhance own awareness of perceptions and thought processes in a nonjudgmental way
-let unpleasant thoughts and sensations occur and concentrate on breath

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3
Q

Components of CNS

A

-brain
-spinal cord

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4
Q

Components of Peripheral Nervous System

A

-sensory neurons (afferent)
-motor neurons (efferent)
-somatic system
-autonomic system
-sympathetic nerve pathways
-parasympathetic nerve pathways

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5
Q

pain sensation, parts of the body and why they feel more or less pain

A

-pain due to 2 factors: 1.) sensation
2.) reaction to sensation
- 80% of people experience lower back pain

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6
Q

effects of sympathetic nervous system

A

-reduces secretion of saliva
-mobilizes body’s resources in emergency, stressful and emotional situations
-increase in rate and strength of heart contractions, breathing
-constriction of blood vessels
-decrease of gastrointestinal activity
-stimulation of sweat glands
-dilation of pupils in eyes

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7
Q

effects of parasympathetic nervous system

A

-relaxation, digestion, normal growth functions
-active under normal nonstressful conditions
-secretion of saliva

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8
Q

purpose of cortisol (purpose of hormones)

A

-used as an index of stress
-measured in saliva and urine

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9
Q

what body system are hormones apart of

A

endocrine/neuroendocrine system

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10
Q

purpose of norepinephrine

A

-hormone and a neurotransmitter
-produced in many parts of the body

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11
Q

purpose of epinephrine

A

-produced in adrenal medulla
-used as an index of stress
measured in urine

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12
Q

Stages of General Adaptation Syndrome (Selye)

A

body’s generalized attempt to defend against a stressor
3 stages: 1.) Alarm Stage: initial response to stressor
2.) Resistance: Body mobilizes to defend against
stressor
3.) Exhaustion: ongoing response that can deplete
resources for the body (can lead to depression or death)
-explains how stress relates to physical illness

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13
Q

Richard Lazarus Theory of Stress

A

-Transactional View of Stress
-not the environmental nor the person’s response but the persons perception of the situation that determines what is stressful
-stress is interactional between the person and the environment
-persons appraisal is key in determining what is stressful
-stress arises when the situation is threatening, challenging, or harmful

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14
Q

3 types of appraisals- Lazarus View of Stress

A

1.) Primary Appraisal: determine if the event is irrelevant, benign-positive (good), or harmful
2.) Secondary Appraisal: determine whether they can successfully apply coping strategies to alleviate stress
3.) Reappraisal: Person incorporates any new information

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15
Q

Coping with a stressful situation (Lazarus)

A

-coping is a process-it constantly changes and adapts to the situation
-coping is not automatic: it is a learned pattern of responses to a stressful situation
-coping requires effort
-coping is an effort to manage the situation

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16
Q

guided imagery

A

-concentrate on a calm peaceful image during a painful or anxiety provoking experience

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17
Q

somatosensory system

A

-conveys sensory info from body to brain
-PNS neurons from skin surface and muscles part of system
-touch, light/deep pressure, cold, warmth, tickling, movement, body position
-perception of sensation in the body and movements

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18
Q

thai chi traditional uses

A

martial arts

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19
Q

thai chi contemporary uses

A

cultivate balance between yin and yang to promote health

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20
Q

Diathesis Stress Model

A

2 factors produce disease
1.) person has a predisposition (diathesis) to disease
-can be biochemical
-abuse/maltreatment during childhood could also create vulnerabilities to disease
2.) person experiences stress
S=stress
D=predisposition to illness

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21
Q

how stress is measured by health psychologists

A

1.) physiological measures
-measurements of blood pressure, heart rate, galvanic skin response, respiration rate, increased secretion of stress hormones (cortisol/epinephrine)
-blood/urine tests
-Advantage: reliable and direct
-Disadvantages: can produce stress, expensive
2.) self-report measures
-

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22
Q

cataclysmic life events

A

hurricanes, fires, tornadoes, pandemics
-PTSD

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23
Q

major life events

A

-death, divorce, moving

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24
Q

daily hassles

A

-traffic, arguing with spouse

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25
Q

coping in controllable situations

A

-problem focused coping (change source of stress)

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26
Q

coping in uncontrollable situations

A

emotion-focused coping (managing emotions that accompany perception of stress)

27
Q

James Pennebaker

A

-emotional self-disclosure improves both psychological and physical health
-emotional disclosure: people express strong emotions by talking or writing about negative events that happened before emotions

research: ask people to talk/write about traumatic events for 15-20 mins 3-4x per wk
-asked survivors of holocaust to talk for 1-2 hours about war experiences
-those that talked about traumatic experiences had better health than those who talked about less painful experiences

28
Q

Secondary Immune Responses

A

Second time person is exposed to same antigen
-immunological memory established
-immune system can start making antibodies immediately

29
Q

secondary immune response

A

-second time person is exposed to same antigen
-immunological memory established
-immune system can start making antibodies

30
Q

allergic reactions

A

-immune system disorder
-abnormal reaction to a foreign substance

31
Q

Kiecolt-Glaser

A

-social support may alter physiological responses to stress
-stress-buffering hypothesis: social support lessens/eliminates harmful effects of stress (protects against death and disease)
-men’s health benefits more from marriage than womens
-link between depression and reduced immune functioning may develop when prolonged stress disrupts regulation of immune system through action of proinflammatory cytokines

32
Q

Physiological system most vulnerable to stress induced illness

A

the immune system

33
Q

role of primary afferents

A

specialized receptors in sense organs that convert physical energy into neural impulses and carry this information to the brain to be processed

34
Q

Medical procedures for pain management

A

-mindfulness training, opiates, cognitive therapy and CBT, relaxation therapy and B modification, behavioral approaches, NSAIDS, surgery, drugs

35
Q

correlations between stress and disease

A

-Higher the persons stress more likely to become ill
-stress may affect progression of disease
-stress predicts outbreaks
-stress increases risk of CVD
-stress may contribute to management of diabetes
-stress may contribute to the disruption of immune system in infancy

36
Q

what causes most common colds

A

viruses

37
Q

why do some people respond more strongly to stress than others

A

-some people predisposed to react maladaptively to environmental stressors (thought to be inherited through biochemical/organ system weakness)

38
Q

somatosensory cortex

A

part of the brain that receives and processes sensory input from the body

39
Q

Ethnic differences in pain as estimated by physicians

A

-African and Hispanic Americans: higher sensitivity to pain than European Americans
-physicians prescribe less analgesia for african americans than for european americans

40
Q

gate control theory

A

-pain perception is subjected to a number of modulations that influence the experience of pain
-pain has motivational and emotional components

41
Q

gate control control theory-effect of emotions

A

-anxiety, depression, worry, focusing on injury increase pain (affect central control trigger and open gate)
-distraction, relaxation, positive emotions close gate (decrease pain)

42
Q

gate control control theory-brain structures involved

A

-substantia galtinosa
-dorsal horn of spinal cord
-thalamus
-cerebral cortex

43
Q

measurements of pain

A

-self report ratings
-behavioral assessments
-physiological measures

44
Q

self report ratings

A

-rating scales, rate pain from 0-100
-Pain questionnaires, where people are asked to make certain distinctions about their pain like sharp versus dull
-Standardized psychological tests, where dishonesty about pain can be assessed

45
Q

physiological measures

A

-Electromyography (EMG): measures level of muscle tension, as pain may increase tension
-Heart rate: predicts perception of pain, but only for men

46
Q

Percentage of deaths in US caused by cardiovascular disease

A

30%

47
Q

Symptoms of migraine headaches

A

-loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, exaggerated sensitivity to light and sound
-sensory, motor, mood disturbances
-aura: sensory disturbances before headache pain
-without aura: sudden onset and intense throbbing on one side of head (but not always)

48
Q

. Opiate drugs

A

morphine, codeine, oxycodone, hydrocodone (analgesic-relieve pain)

49
Q

Commonalities among alternative medicinal systems, practices and products

A

-TCM and Ayurvedic both focus on balance in the body
-TCM and ayurvedic medicine both use exercise and changes to diet, preparations with herbs
-TCM, Ayurvedic medicine, and US both use special diets

50
Q

Common alternative treatments in USA

A

-Hatha yoga
-Acupuncture
-TCM
-dietary supplements
-chiropractic treatment

51
Q

Traditional Chinese medicinal beliefs

A

-qi animates the body
-qi flows through channels in the body (meridians)
-connect parts of the body to each other and to universe
-keep qi in balance to maintain and restore health
-body exists in balance between yin and yang
-Imbalance can occur through physical, emotional, or environmental events

52
Q

Type of meditation which alters brain function

A

mindfulness meditation

53
Q

. Uses of hypnotic treatment by health psychologists

A

-treatment of mental illness
-treat pain
-analgesia

54
Q

Function(s) of blood circulation

A

-deliver oxygen and nutrients to the cells and take away waste
-coronary arteries supply blood to heart itself

55
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

condition marked by loss of elasticity and hardening of arteries

56
Q

Arteries vs. veins

A

-arteries: vessels carrying blood away from the heart
-veins: vessels that carry blood to the heart

57
Q

Systolic versus diastolic blood pressures as indicators of cardiovascular risk

A

-Systolic pressure: first number
-generated by hearts contractions
-Diastolic pressure: second number
-pressure experienced between contractions (reflects elasticity of vessels walls)
-blood pressure that isn’t normal or adaptive: symptoms of CVD

58
Q

Influential studies on cardiovascular disease prevention

A

-Jerry Stamler and colleagues: maintain low level of risk factors protects against CVD
-young and middle aged women that modify CVD risks will live longer
-reduce hypertension
-lower serum cholesterol
-modify psychosocial risk factors

59
Q

Social factors which prevent cardiovascular disease

A

-remove self from provocative situations before becoming angry
-use humor
-relaxation techniques
discuss feelings with other people

60
Q

hypertension

A

-abnormally high blood pressure
-doesn’t have easily noticeable symptoms (can have really high blood pressure and be unaware)

61
Q

stroke

A

-damage to brain resulting from lack of oxygen
-can damage neurons in brain
-obstruction in arteries of brain stops blood flow to brain

62
Q

angina pectoris

A

-crushing pain in chest and difficulty breathing
-result of restriction of blood supply to myocardium

63
Q

myocardial infarction

A

-medical term for heart attack
-damage can be so extensive as to completely disrupt heartbeat
-signals: weakness/dizziness, nausea, cold sweating, difficulty breathing, crushing/squeezing pain in chest, arms, shoulder, jaw, back
-damaged part of myocardium doesnt repair (scar tissue forms)

64
Q

myocardial infarction

A

-medical term for heart attack
-damage can be so extensive as to completely disrupt heartbeat
-signals: weakness/dizziness, nausea, cold sweating, difficulty breathing, crushing/squeezing pain in chest, arms, shoulder, jaw, back
-damaged part of myocardium doesnt repair (scar tissue forms)

Exam 2 - Health Psych (2 decks)

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