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Exam 2 - Health Psych > Exam 2- Health Psych > Flashcards

Exam 2- Health Psych Flashcards

1
Q

what is a synaptic cleft

A

-The space between the neurons
-released neurotransmitters diffuse across synaptic cleft

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2
Q

mindfulness meditation

A

-roots in ancient buddhist practice
-sit in relaxed, upright posture
-focus on thoughts and sensations that occur
-enhance own awareness of perceptions and thought processes in a nonjudgmental way
-let unpleasant thoughts and sensations occur and concentrate on breath

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3
Q

Components of CNS

A

-brain
-spinal cord

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4
Q

Components of Peripheral Nervous System

A

-sensory neurons (afferent)
-motor neurons (efferent)
-somatic system
-autonomic system
-sympathetic nerve pathways
-parasympathetic nerve pathways

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5
Q

pain sensation, parts of the body and why they feel more or less pain

A

-pain due to 2 factors: 1.) sensation
2.) reaction to sensation
- 80% of people experience lower back pain

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6
Q

effects of sympathetic nervous system

A

-reduces secretion of saliva
-mobilizes body’s resources in emergency, stressful and emotional situations
-increase in rate and strength of heart contractions, breathing
-constriction of blood vessels
-decrease of gastrointestinal activity
-stimulation of sweat glands
-dilation of pupils in eyes

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7
Q

effects of parasympathetic nervous system

A

-relaxation, digestion, normal growth functions
-active under normal nonstressful conditions
-secretion of saliva

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8
Q

purpose of cortisol (purpose of hormones)

A

-used as an index of stress
-measured in saliva and urine

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9
Q

what body system are hormones apart of

A

endocrine/neuroendocrine system

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10
Q

purpose of norepinephrine

A

-hormone and a neurotransmitter
-produced in many parts of the body

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11
Q

purpose of epinephrine

A

-produced in adrenal medulla
-used as an index of stress
measured in urine

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12
Q

Stages of General Adaptation Syndrome (Selye)

A

body’s generalized attempt to defend against a stressor
3 stages: 1.) Alarm Stage: initial response to stressor
2.) Resistance: Body mobilizes to defend against
stressor
3.) Exhaustion: ongoing response that can deplete
resources for the body (can lead to depression or death)
-explains how stress relates to physical illness

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13
Q

Richard Lazarus Theory of Stress

A

-Transactional View of Stress
-not the environmental nor the person’s response but the persons perception of the situation that determines what is stressful
-stress is interactional between the person and the environment
-persons appraisal is key in determining what is stressful
-stress arises when the situation is threatening, challenging, or harmful

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14
Q

3 types of appraisals- Lazarus View of Stress

A

1.) Primary Appraisal: determine if the event is irrelevant, benign-positive (good), or harmful
2.) Secondary Appraisal: determine whether they can successfully apply coping strategies to alleviate stress
3.) Reappraisal: Person incorporates any new information

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15
Q

Coping with a stressful situation (Lazarus)

A

-coping is a process-it constantly changes and adapts to the situation
-coping is not automatic: it is a learned pattern of responses to a stressful situation
-coping requires effort
-coping is an effort to manage the situation

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16
Q

guided imagery

A

-concentrate on a calm peaceful image during a painful or anxiety provoking experience

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17
Q

somatosensory system

A

-conveys sensory info from body to brain
-PNS neurons from skin surface and muscles part of system
-touch, light/deep pressure, cold, warmth, tickling, movement, body position
-perception of sensation in the body and movements

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18
Q

thai chi traditional uses

A

martial arts

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19
Q

thai chi contemporary uses

A

cultivate balance between yin and yang to promote health

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20
Q

Diathesis Stress Model

A

2 factors produce disease
1.) person has a predisposition (diathesis) to disease
-can be biochemical
-abuse/maltreatment during childhood could also create vulnerabilities to disease
2.) person experiences stress
S=stress
D=predisposition to illness

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21
Q

how stress is measured by health psychologists

A

1.) physiological measures
-measurements of blood pressure, heart rate, galvanic skin response, respiration rate, increased secretion of stress hormones (cortisol/epinephrine)
-blood/urine tests
-Advantage: reliable and direct
-Disadvantages: can produce stress, expensive
2.) self-report measures
-

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22
Q

cataclysmic life events

A

hurricanes, fires, tornadoes, pandemics
-PTSD

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23
Q

major life events

A

-death, divorce, moving

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24
Q

daily hassles

A

-traffic, arguing with spouse

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25
coping in controllable situations
-problem focused coping (change source of stress)
26
coping in uncontrollable situations
emotion-focused coping (managing emotions that accompany perception of stress)
27
James Pennebaker
-emotional self-disclosure improves both psychological and physical health -emotional disclosure: people express strong emotions by talking or writing about negative events that happened before emotions research: ask people to talk/write about traumatic events for 15-20 mins 3-4x per wk -asked survivors of holocaust to talk for 1-2 hours about war experiences -those that talked about traumatic experiences had better health than those who talked about less painful experiences
28
Secondary Immune Responses
Second time person is exposed to same antigen -immunological memory established -immune system can start making antibodies immediately
29
secondary immune response
-second time person is exposed to same antigen -immunological memory established -immune system can start making antibodies
30
allergic reactions
-immune system disorder -abnormal reaction to a foreign substance
31
Kiecolt-Glaser
-social support may alter physiological responses to stress -stress-buffering hypothesis: social support lessens/eliminates harmful effects of stress (protects against death and disease) -men's health benefits more from marriage than womens -link between depression and reduced immune functioning may develop when prolonged stress disrupts regulation of immune system through action of proinflammatory cytokines
32
Physiological system most vulnerable to stress induced illness
the immune system
33
role of primary afferents
specialized receptors in sense organs that convert physical energy into neural impulses and carry this information to the brain to be processed
34
Medical procedures for pain management
-mindfulness training, opiates, cognitive therapy and CBT, relaxation therapy and B modification, behavioral approaches, NSAIDS, surgery, drugs
35
correlations between stress and disease
-Higher the persons stress more likely to become ill -stress may affect progression of disease -stress predicts outbreaks -stress increases risk of CVD -stress may contribute to management of diabetes -stress may contribute to the disruption of immune system in infancy
36
what causes most common colds
viruses
37
why do some people respond more strongly to stress than others
-some people predisposed to react maladaptively to environmental stressors (thought to be inherited through biochemical/organ system weakness)
38
somatosensory cortex
part of the brain that receives and processes sensory input from the body
39
Ethnic differences in pain as estimated by physicians
-African and Hispanic Americans: higher sensitivity to pain than European Americans -physicians prescribe less analgesia for african americans than for european americans
40
gate control theory
-pain perception is subjected to a number of modulations that influence the experience of pain -pain has motivational and emotional components
41
gate control control theory-effect of emotions
-anxiety, depression, worry, focusing on injury increase pain (affect central control trigger and open gate) -distraction, relaxation, positive emotions close gate (decrease pain)
42
gate control control theory-brain structures involved
-substantia galtinosa -dorsal horn of spinal cord -thalamus -cerebral cortex
43
measurements of pain
-self report ratings -behavioral assessments -physiological measures
44
self report ratings
-rating scales, rate pain from 0-100 -Pain questionnaires, where people are asked to make certain distinctions about their pain like sharp versus dull -Standardized psychological tests, where dishonesty about pain can be assessed
45
physiological measures
-Electromyography (EMG): measures level of muscle tension, as pain may increase tension -Heart rate: predicts perception of pain, but only for men
46
Percentage of deaths in US caused by cardiovascular disease
30%
47
Symptoms of migraine headaches
-loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, exaggerated sensitivity to light and sound -sensory, motor, mood disturbances -aura: sensory disturbances before headache pain -without aura: sudden onset and intense throbbing on one side of head (but not always)
48
. Opiate drugs
morphine, codeine, oxycodone, hydrocodone (analgesic-relieve pain)
49
Commonalities among alternative medicinal systems, practices and products
-TCM and Ayurvedic both focus on balance in the body -TCM and ayurvedic medicine both use exercise and changes to diet, preparations with herbs -TCM, Ayurvedic medicine, and US both use special diets
50
Common alternative treatments in USA
-Hatha yoga -Acupuncture -TCM -dietary supplements -chiropractic treatment
51
Traditional Chinese medicinal beliefs
-qi animates the body -qi flows through channels in the body (meridians) -connect parts of the body to each other and to universe -keep qi in balance to maintain and restore health -body exists in balance between yin and yang -Imbalance can occur through physical, emotional, or environmental events
52
Type of meditation which alters brain function
mindfulness meditation
53
. Uses of hypnotic treatment by health psychologists
-treatment of mental illness -treat pain -analgesia
54
Function(s) of blood circulation
-deliver oxygen and nutrients to the cells and take away waste -coronary arteries supply blood to heart itself
55
Arteriosclerosis
condition marked by loss of elasticity and hardening of arteries
56
Arteries vs. veins
-arteries: vessels carrying blood away from the heart -veins: vessels that carry blood to the heart
57
Systolic versus diastolic blood pressures as indicators of cardiovascular risk
-Systolic pressure: first number -generated by hearts contractions -Diastolic pressure: second number -pressure experienced between contractions (reflects elasticity of vessels walls) -blood pressure that isn't normal or adaptive: symptoms of CVD
58
Influential studies on cardiovascular disease prevention
-Jerry Stamler and colleagues: maintain low level of risk factors protects against CVD -young and middle aged women that modify CVD risks will live longer -reduce hypertension -lower serum cholesterol -modify psychosocial risk factors
59
Social factors which prevent cardiovascular disease
-remove self from provocative situations before becoming angry -use humor -relaxation techniques discuss feelings with other people
60
hypertension
-abnormally high blood pressure -doesn't have easily noticeable symptoms (can have really high blood pressure and be unaware)
61
stroke
-damage to brain resulting from lack of oxygen -can damage neurons in brain -obstruction in arteries of brain stops blood flow to brain
62
angina pectoris
-crushing pain in chest and difficulty breathing -result of restriction of blood supply to myocardium
63
myocardial infarction
-medical term for heart attack -damage can be so extensive as to completely disrupt heartbeat -signals: weakness/dizziness, nausea, cold sweating, difficulty breathing, crushing/squeezing pain in chest, arms, shoulder, jaw, back -damaged part of myocardium doesnt repair (scar tissue forms)
64
myocardial infarction
-medical term for heart attack -damage can be so extensive as to completely disrupt heartbeat -signals: weakness/dizziness, nausea, cold sweating, difficulty breathing, crushing/squeezing pain in chest, arms, shoulder, jaw, back -damaged part of myocardium doesnt repair (scar tissue forms)

Exam 2 - Health Psych (2 decks)

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