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Criminological Theory > Exam #2 general > Flashcards

Exam #2 general Flashcards

1
Q

Emile Dirkheim definition of Anomie

A

a state of normlessness during rapid social change

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2
Q

Durheim _______ theory predicts increases in crime and other social disturbances as significant social, economic, or political changes occurs in a country”

A

Anomie

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3
Q

Social problems have ____ causes according to dirkheim

A

social

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4
Q

Crime is a ____ fact according to dirkheim

A

social

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5
Q

STRAIN: People born ____ , society/circumstances turns them bad

A

good

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6
Q

Strain Theory: The americanization of anomie

who made this theory, an evolutionof emile?

A

Robert K. Merton:

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7
Q

merton Americanized Anomie in the years _____

A

1938

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8
Q

Anomie definition for Merton (evolution of emile)

A

disjunction between goals and means

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9
Q

Merton: Anomie (strain) is a permanent fixture in the United States for the ____ classes

A

lower

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10
Q

“Pathological ___________” is Merton’s description of Americas focus on economic success

A

MATERIALISM

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11
Q

Merton believes that U.S. Society considers economic success as an _____ _______ without equal

A

absolute value

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12
Q

In Merton’s deviance typology, which one Accepts goals and accepts means?

Conformity?
Ritualists
Innovators?
Retreatists?
or Rebels?

Strive to achieve success within the rules oven if this necessarily limits their goals

A

Conformity

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13
Q

In Merton’s deviance typology, which one Rejects goals and accepts means?

Conformity?
Ritualists
Innovators?
Retreatists?
or Rebels?

Rigidly adhering to and their station in life

A

Ritualists

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14
Q

In Merton’s deviance typology, which one accepts goals and rejects means?

Conformity?
Ritualists
Innovators?
Retreatists?
or Rebels?

Use illegal means to gain societally defined success goals. Routine criminality however, cannot gain economic success; thus, “innovators” refers to professional skilled criminals and criminal organizations

A

innovators

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15
Q

In Merton’s deviance typology, which one rejects goals and rejects means?

Conformity?
Ritualists
Innovators?
Retreatists?
or Rebels?

Abandon all attempts to reach conventional social goals in favor of deviant adaptation (e.g. abusing alcohol, drugs).

A

retreatists

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16
Q

In Merton’s deviance typology, which one creates new goals and new means?

Conformity?
Ritualists
Innovators?
Retreatists?
or Rebels?

Reject goals and attempt to overthrow the existing social order and its culturally values, joining a revolutionary group or countercultural commune for example

A

rebels

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17
Q

Institutional anomie: who made this?

A

Messner and Rossenfeld

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18
Q

American dream has balloon the importance of the ______ institution

A

economic

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19
Q

Elements of the American Dream (society):
Eco_____(inflated!)
Ed_______
Pol_____
R______
Fa_______

A

Elements of the American Dream (society):
Economics (inflated!)
Education
Politics
Religion
Family

20
Q

general strain theory. Who created this?

A

Robert agnew

21
Q

give Agnew’s General strain theory (like in the flow chart)

A

Strain:
Failure to Achive goal
Loss of positive stimuli
Presentation of noxious stimuli

Negative Affect:
Anger
Frustration
Fear
Depression

Coping strategies
Cognitive (reconcile what has happened to reduce its impact)
Emotional (can be positive or negative—such as working out to relieve stress)
Behavioral (make my strain, someone else’s strain; acting out, often in violence).

22
Q

Agnew’s top Strains:
Ab___
par____ Rej______ (neglect, abandonment, death of a parent?).
Vic_______
Dis_______

A

Agnew’s top Strains:
Abuse
Parental rejection (neglect, abandonment, death of a parent?).
Victimization
Discrimination

23
Q

Reason for Agnews top strains: longer in _______, most _______, more ______,more imp______.

A

Reason for agnews top strains: longer in duration, most intense, more recent more impactful than

24
Q

According to Agnew, ____ are more prone to behavioral expressions

A

men

25
Q

Agnew states that _______ peers encourage behavioral coping

A

delinquent peers

26
Q

Harold Garfinkel

A

Master Degradation ceremonies

27
Q

Howard Becker

A

Master Status is defining social position

28
Q

labeling theories, primary and secondary deviance (as well as master status and degradation ceremony). who made this theory?

A

Lemert

29
Q

What matters in this theory (labeling theories) is not the behavior of the other person, but the response of others in response to deviant behaviors

which theorynis it?

A

labeling theory

30
Q

_____ ________ focus on the role of the community in creating “criminals”

A

labeling theories

31
Q

According to labeling theory, when someone is never caught they are always in _______ _______ category

A

primary deviance

32
Q

Critiques of labeling theory:
1) Ta______
2) Weak cau_____ arg______
3) Cannot explain ______ _______
4) Overemphasozes the importance of the official l______
5) In_______ of the label doesnt seem to occur

A

Tautology—a criminal is someone who we LABEL as a criminal, because they are in fact. . . a criminal…

Weak causal argument (how do we determine if they are in primary or secondary deviance? How do we test this? If we cannot find out this, which deviance they are in, why you are engaging in it (such as “i think of myself as an offender”) then we cannot show causality

Cannot explain primary deviance (similar to RAT). This theory doesn’t even try to explain why people act deviant

Overemphasizes the importance of the official label (way too much is given to the court process itself. It ignores the fact that sometimes these labels are NOT viewed as a negative to people

Internalization of the label doesn’t seem to occur (they often do not refer to themselves as labels. A thief won’t say “I am a thief, that’s why i do what i do.” People find ways to explain away their behavior and maintain a positive self image

33
Q

Techniques of neutralization: who made this?

A

Sykes and Matza

34
Q

Neutralizing criminal behavior allows people to engage in “subcultural drift”

Denial of _______
It was not my fault
Denial of _______
They could afford it
Denial of _______
They had it coming
Condemning the __________
You’ve done worse
Appeal to higher __________
My family needed me. OR my friend needed me

A

Neutralizing criminal behavior allows people to engage in “subcultural drift”
Denial of responsibility
It was not my fault
Denial of injury
They could afford it
Denial of victim
They had it coming
Condemning the condemners
You’ve done worse
Appeal to higher loyalties
My family needed me. OR my friend needed me

35
Q

Policy implication of Labeling theory:
1)
2)
3)
4) MAIN ONE! Rein______ SHam_________

A

Sealing public records

Victim offender mediation—break a fence, you must fix it, not serve time for it

Diversion programs also applies to labeling theory

Reintegrative shaming is a sentencing alternative for minor offenses that aims to reintegrate the offender back into society without permanently stigmatizing them.

36
Q

Differential Association theory. Who created this theory?

A

Edwin Sutherland

37
Q

What did differential association theory set out to ask?

A

Why people commit white collar crimes

38
Q

Social learning theory: who created it?

A

Bandera

39
Q

Who else had a hand in the social learning theory? Sk____ and Ak__s

A

Skinner and Akers

40
Q

Give social learning theory (like in the flow chart).

A

Differential association

Definitions

Imitation

Differential reinforcement (some people will reward our behavior and some will chastise us for it).

Social structure was added later (see chart): demographics, men, women, age, gender, occupation

41
Q

Cultural deviance theory – Subcultural tradition. Who made this?

Co and Mi

A

Cohen and Miller

42
Q

Cohen—
Kids that grow up in an environment that has no lessons on measuring rods

Kids adjust to this by:

c______ boy:
Make it on his own, pull up his bootstraps

c______ boy:
Mediocre, blue collar, graduate highschool, he will be fine

D________ adjustment:
They look at the middle class measuring rod, and flip the values on its head, change it into something that is attainable to them

A

Cohen—
Kids that grow up in an environment that has no lessons on measuring rods

Kids adjust to this by:
College boy.
Make it on his own, pull up his bootstraps

Corner boy:
Mediocre, blue collar, graduate highschool, he will be fine

Delinquent adjustment:
They look at the middle class measuring rod, and flip the values on its head, change it into something that is attainable to them

43
Q

Miller’s Focal Concern — youth in these deprived environments have adjusted to that deprived environment over these focal concerns

Lower class (poor) focal concerns:

1) T_____
2) T_______ness
3) Aut_______ (you are your own person, ur own boss)
4) Smar_____ (ur ability to get over on other people, i can con but not gonna be conned
5) Ex________ (life as a party)
6) Fat____ism (develops the belief that things just happen to you, and it is not uncommon for someone to be killed. You learn to expect that out of your life).

A

Miller’s Focal Concern — youth in these deprived environments have adjusted to that deprived environment over these focal concerns

Lower class (poor) focal concerns:

1) Trouble
2) Toughness
3) Autonomy (you are your own person, ur own boss)
4) Smartness (ur ability to get over on other people, i can con but not gonna be conned
5) Excitement (life as a party)
6) Fatalism (develops the belief that things just happen to you, and it is not uncommon for someone to be killed. You learn to expect that out of your life).

44
Q

code of the streets is an elaboration of this work by cohen and miller, made by: E____ Ander_______

A

Elijah anderson

45
Q

John Bainthwith - Re______ Sh_________ is a sentencing alternative for minor offenses that aims to reintegrate the offender back into society without permanently stigmatizing them.

A

John Bainthwith - Reintegrative shaming is a sentencing alternative for minor offenses that aims to reintegrate the offender back into society without permanently stigmatizing them.

Criminological Theory (4 decks)

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