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Criminological Theory > Exam #1 > Flashcards

Exam #1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Crime? Requires three elements

1)
2)
3)

A

1) Voluntary and Rational Act

2) Create harm to people and
society

3) Violate a codified law

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2
Q

Mala in se – meaning

A

universally “bad”

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3
Q

Mala prohibida – meaning

A

”bad” b/c society decided so

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4
Q

What crimes are under the UCR Index 1 Offenses

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)

A

1) Murder/homicide
2) robbery
3) aggravated assault
4) sexual assault
5) larceny/theft
6) burglary
7) Motor Vehicle theft
8) arson

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5
Q

Crime Rates Mirror a General “_________” Trend

A

civilizing trend

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6
Q

How prevalent is crime? Pie chart percentages

Murder __%
Forcible rape __%
Robbery __%
MVT __%
Agg. Assault __%
Burglary __%
Larceny __%

A

Murder less than 1%
Forcible rape 1%
Robbery 3%
MVT 7%
Agg. Assault 8%
Burglary 18%
Larceny 62%

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7
Q

What are offenders like?

Myth:
*
*
*
*
*

A

Violent crime is common
Mentally ill/insane
Intelligent, calculating
Plan out crimes
Stranger

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8
Q

What are offenders like?

Reality:
*
*
*
*
*

A

Property crime is common
Mental health issues/sane
Below average intelligence
Opportunistic
Known to victim‘

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9
Q

What are the facts that a theory must fit?

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)

A

1) Age Crime Curve

2) Gender

3) Disproportionate Minority Contact

4) Social Class (people in prison are simply poor)

5) Education (higher levels of education leads to less crime)

6) Marriage (when men get married their propensity to commit crime drops)

7) Delinquent Peers (do they hang out with other people who commit crime)

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10
Q

Lifetime likelihood of imprisonment of U.S. Males Born in 2001

All men: __in __
White men: __in__
Black men: __in__
Latino Men: __in __

A

All men: 1 in 10
White men: 1 in 20
Black men: 1 in 5
Latino Men: 1 in 8

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11
Q

CLASSYFING THEORIES OF CRIME

start with assumption that people are born self interested, it takes society teaching us the right way to behave—responsibility is on different groups of people to teach people the right way to behave

Which one is this?

Control?
Strain?
Cultural Deviance?

A

Control

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12
Q

CLASSYFING THEORIES OF CRIME

People are born good, prosocial. But for some people, society messes us up along the way that deviates our path, this makes us anti-social, we are drawn into crime

Which one is this?

Control?
Strain?
Cultural Deviance?

A

Strain

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13
Q

CLASSYFING THEORIES OF CRIME

it’s not PEOPLE that are deviant, but instead, cultures that are deviant. It depends who you are around and what cultural traditions you are enmeshed in. Your environment dictates your actions (grow up in crime, lead to crime).

Which one is this?

Control?
Strain?
Cultural Deviance?

A

Cultural Deviance

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14
Q

Which Classification of theories in crime sees:

relationships as a positive?

A

Control theory

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15
Q

Which Classification of theories in crime sees:

relationships as a negative?

A

strain theory

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16
Q

Which Classification of theories in crime sees:

that sub cultures create the deviance in society?

A

cultural deviance theory

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17
Q

______ Law

refers to a philosophy that some elements of justice are universal and derived from nature rather than from the rules of society

A

Natural law

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18
Q

____ contract

a mythical state of affairs wherein each person agrees to a pact, the basic stipulation of which is that all men are created equal

A

social contract

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19
Q

C______y

refers to the probability that offending persons will receive a sanction for their miscreant deeds

A

Certainty

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20
Q

Cesare Beccaria & _________ Theory

A

Deterrence

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21
Q

What was Cesare Beccaria’s book? “On C____ & ______”

A

On Crimes and punishment

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22
Q

Cesare Beccaria’s book states that:

________ is meant to deter

A

Punishment

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23
Q

Hedonic calculus meaning:

Maximize this,
minimize that

A

(we are self interested creatures that want to maximize our pleasure and decrease our pain)

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24
Q

Three types of beccarian deterrence:

A

General,
specific
Restrcitive/partial

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25
Q

What are the three (3) elements of effective punishment?

1) S
2) C
3) Ap sev

A

Swift
Certain
Appropriately severe

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26
Q

The __________ effect is a criminological hypothesis that suggests executions _________ homicide rates by reducing public respect for life

A

Brutalization,

Increase

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27
Q

P______ H____ is an example of a policy based in deterrence theory that is pulling ALL of the levers

A

project hope

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28
Q

Which deterrence theory is focused on tangible benefits and tangible negatives

A

Perceptual Deterrence

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29
Q

within percentual deterrence, which of the 3 elements of effective punishment (swift, certain, appropriately severe) has the strongest relationship

A

Certainty has the strongest relationship

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30
Q

Guess the average amount time served someone can expect to be incarcerated for:

DUI -
Drug possession -
Burglary -
Robbery -
Rape-
Homicide -

A

DUI - (1.25 years average)
Drug possession - (1.33 years)
Burglary - (2.25 years)
Robbery - (4.75)
Rape- (7.8)
Homicide - (9.8)

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31
Q

sees every crime as a “decision made”. Allows for more relational benefits and relational negatives

Which theory is this?

A

RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY:

32
Q

No crime is s______ within rational choice theory

A

senselesss

33
Q

Within rational choice theory, Offenders choose specific crimes based on _________ _______

A

individual needs

34
Q

Rational choice theory, timeline of decision making:

1) First act: ______ ______
2) second act: ______ _____
3) third and final act: ____ ___ _____

A

1) Choice structuring (skills someone has and their needs)

2) Involvement decision (where i have decided that the criminal options are the ones i am willing to explore)

3) The act itself

34
Q

What are the problems of rational choice theory?

A

1) hard to test
2) confusion over what is “rational”

35
Q

CHART

Deterrence theory
Cost: ______
Benefit: ________
What deters: ________ ___ ________ ___ ______

A

Deterrence theory
Cost: sanctions
Benefit: monetary
What deters: balance of punishment to gain

36
Q

CHART

Rational Choice theory
Cost: ______, ______, _____/_____
Benefit: ______, _____, _____, _______
What deters: _______ __ ______ ______ ____ _______

A

Cost: Sanctions, Status loss, shame/guilt
Benefit: monetary, thrill, reputation. relieve frustration
What deters: Balance of THESE costs and benefits

37
Q

Classical Criminology

Theory 1)
Theory 2)

A

Deterrence theory
Rational choice theory

38
Q

What about people’s ________ lifestyles increases or decreases victimization?

What theory is this?

A

Routine Activities theory

39
Q

Three levers of Routine activities theory:

1)
2)
3)

A

1) Motivated offender
2) Suitable target
3) Lack of capable Guardian

40
Q

How many zones are in the concentric zone model?

A

5

41
Q

Which zone is the closest to the center?
Which is farthest away?

Numbers and words

A

1; central business district
5; commuter zone

41
Q

Give the entire concentric zone model:

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

A

1) Central business district

2) Transition zone

Deteriorated housing
Factories
Abandoned buildings

3) Working class zone

Single family tenements

4) Residential zone

Single family homes
yards /garages

5) Commuter Zone

Suburbs

42
Q

The inability of an area to regulate itself

This is called?

A

Social disorganization

43
Q

what are the three neighborhood factors that lead to social disorganization?
1) P t
2) E h
3) C p

A

Population turnover
Ethnic heterogeneity (this has been disproven as a factor)
Concentrated poverty

44
Q

Culture of crime develops due to: S d

A

Social disorganization

45
Q

Social disorganization theory is one of our ________ theories

A

strongest

46
Q

The three micro level control theories are:

A

Containment, social bond, and a general theory of crime

47
Q

Reckless’ containment theory:
Forces for crime:
4 pressures
1)
2)
3)
4)
1 Pull
1)
3 Biological pushes
1)
2)
3)

A

Family conflict
 Low SES
 Lack of opportunity
 Minority status

Delinquent friends

Aggressiveness
hostility
rebelliousness

48
Q

Reckless’ containment theory:
Forces opposed to crime:
Outer containment
1)

Inner containment:
1)

A

family & Friends w/
 strong morals
 Support
 Willing to discipline

Internal locus of
control
 Personal
responsibility
 Goal orientation

49
Q

Three elements of the social Boind theory
1)
2)
3)

A

Attachment

Commitment

Involvment

50
Q

Which theory did hirschi create?

A

Social bond theory

51
Q

Which theory did Gottfredson AND Hirschi’ create?

A

General theory of crime

52
Q

What are the seven Criqtiues of the the self control theory submitted by hirschi and Gottfredson?

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)

A

1) Tautology (using questions of crime to predict if they will commit crime—this is like asking what is your IQ to predict your IQ. behavioral measures that are indicative of self control)

2) it is Important, but not the only factor (other factors are indeed still important, self control is not the only thing, such as: neighborhood factors, peers, other environmental issues

3) Doesn’t explain all crimes (such as corporate crimes)

4) Self-Control as a muscle (looks different at different times for diff people)

5) Stability hypothesis is not supported (group of people in between of high and low self control display variability—they gain self control in adulthood, or some don’t. The six characteristics above, DO NOT fall on the same timeline)

6) Genetics explains away the effect of parental socialization

7) Putting all the blame on parental socialization (however, there is a THIRD factor! Genetics. When you control for genetics, the parental socialization leading to self control disappears).

53
Q

Phrenology meaning:

A

Focused on the shape and contours of the head

Different parts of the brain controlled different
social activities and thinking processes
When particular parts of the brain are more
developed they would be larger and create
protrusions on the skull
The idea was that the contours of an
individual’s head could be felt to determine

54
Q

Lombrosos and Atavism says: Criminals are more similer to ___ than men

A

apes

55
Q

Endomorph is:

A

short and fat

56
Q

ectomorph is:

A

Tall, lean and fragile with smaller faces

57
Q

mesomorph is:

A

Muscular build with larger body frame and limbs

58
Q

In the population, about ____ of the variance in aggression/violence is due to genetic factors

A

half

59
Q

One of the suggestions in the film: T_______ t_____ment toward certain biological factors

A

tailoring treatment

60
Q

Vignettes

A

how likely would you be to steal a bag if money - criminological tests

61
Q

Cognitive behavioral therapy has been shown to f__ _____ of these issues that are caused by bio-social and genetic factors

A

fix some

62
Q

Stigmata - physical fea. . .

A

physical features that are indicative of someone who is a less evolved human

63
Q

Sheldon brough the body t_____to american way of thinking

A

types

64
Q

which of the four key element of hirschi’s social bond theory is the main one?

attachement
commitment
involvement
or belief?

A

attachment

65
Q

what are the six elements of low self control by gottfredosn and hirschi

General theory of crime

A

1) impulsivity
2) physical activity
3) risk taking/sensation seeking
4) narcissism
5) simple tasks
6) temper

66
Q

Lomrosos and Atavism developed “sti__ta”

A

stigmata

67
Q

Lomrosos and atavism

A

Stigmayta, apes/criminals

68
Q

sheldon

A

endo
ecto
meso

69
Q

reckless

A

Reckless containment theory

Forces for crime, forces opposed to crime

70
Q

Hirschi

A

social bond thoery

attachment
committment
involvement
belief

71
Q

Gottfredson and Hirschi

A

General theory of crime
LOW SELF CONTROL

72
Q

Cesare Beccaria

A

Deterrence theory

73
Q
A

Criminological Theory (3 decks)

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