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Lizzy Skin and Adnexa > Exam 2 from notes > Flashcards

Exam 2 from notes Flashcards

1
Q

Pyodermas are usually a primary clinical manifestation (T or F)

A

F: usually secondary to an underlying problem

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2
Q

What are some conditions that are predisposing to pyoderma?

A

environmental factors, allergies, endocrine, nutrition, immunologic, keratin defects, parasites, anatomic defects, prior therapy

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3
Q

What does pyoderma actually mean?

A

pus in the skin

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4
Q

In a clinical setting a purulent lesion may not always be present macroscopically with a pyoderma (T or F)

A

T: so a pyoderma may not be associated with pus-producing lesions

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5
Q

What is the most common pathogen in canine pyoderma?

A

Staph pseudintermidius (S. intermedius)

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6
Q

What organisms might be seen as secondary invaders with pyoderma?

A

gram neg like proteus, pseudomonas, and E. coli

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7
Q

Besides S. intermedius what other pathogens are found in some cases of pyoderma?

A

S. aureus and S. schleiferi

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8
Q

What do S. intermedius, S. aureus, and S. schleiferi produce and what does it do?

A

beta lactamase, destroys penicillin, amoxicillin, and ampicillin

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9
Q

Which antibiotics should you not use empirically with canine pyoderma?

A

penicillin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, streptomycin, and tetracycline

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10
Q

Which classification scheme for pyoderma is therapy usually based on?

A

the depth of infection

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11
Q

What is a surface pyoderma and what are some examples?

A

only involves superficial layers of the epidermis

seen in pyotraumatic dermatitis (hot spots) and skin fold pyodermas

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12
Q

What is a superficial pyoderma and what are some examples?

A

bacterial infection of epidermis/ hair follicles

seen in impetigo and bacterial folliculitis

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13
Q

What is a deep pyoderma and what are some examples?

A

infection of tissues deeper than hair follicles

seen in acne, nasal and interdigital pyoderma

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14
Q

What is pyotraumatic dermatitis? (other names for it)

A

acute moist dermatitis or hot spots

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15
Q

What breeds are most susceptible to hot spots?

A

st bernards and golden retrievers

any with long thick coats that can trap moisture

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16
Q

What is the etiology of pyotraumatic dermatitis?

A

underlying problem -> dog licks and scratches -> moisture and self inflicted maceration and erosion of stratum corneum -> secondary bacterial infection

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17
Q

Hot spots are self induced (T or F)

A

T they are self inflicted and lead to secondary infections

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18
Q

What are some clinical signs of pyotraumatic dermatitis?

A

erythema, erosion, edema and serous-purulent exudate
exudate forms a yellow to brown crust
lesions are painful and well demarcated

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19
Q

You perform a cytological exam on a dog with pyotraumatic dermatitis. What do you find?

A

cocci and degenerated neutrophils

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20
Q

How would you treat pyotraumatic dermatitis?

A

remove hair -> clean with dilute chlorhex -> dry with astringent -> mild use antibiotic cream, severe use oral pred, generalized infection use systemic antibiotics

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21
Q

It’s most important to treat the lesions of pyotraumatic dermatitis (T or F)

A

F: treating the underlying disease will reduce recurrences

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22
Q

Why are skin folds predisposed to pyodermas?

A

areas of friction, poor air circulation, accumulate moisture

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23
Q

What is characteristic of skin fold pyodermas?

A

exudative, odiferous, erythematous lesions

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24
Q

What are the 4 kinds of skin fold pyodermas?

A

lip fold, facial fold, vulvar fold, tail fold

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25
Q

What breeds are prone to lip fold pyodermas?

A

cockers, springers, setters and st bernards

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26
Q

What is the main client complaint with lip fold pyodermas?

A

severe halitosis (doggy breath)

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27
Q

What might offer a permanent cure for lip fold, facial fold, and vulvar fold pyodermas?

A

surgical ablation (cheiloplasty, episioplasty)

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28
Q

Where do you see facial fold pyoderma and in what breeds?

A

folds between eyes and nose in brachycephalic breeds

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29
Q

What problems are commonly concurrent with facial fold pyodermas?

A

corneal abrasions and ulcerations

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30
Q

What dogs are often seen with vulvar fold pyodermas?

A

obese females spayed before first estrus, vulvas recessed

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31
Q

What are the common signs of vulvar fold pyodermas?

A

excessive licking, foul odor, painful urination, pervulvar erosions and ulcerations, secondary UTI

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32
Q

Tail fold pyodermas are seen in breeds with fluffy tails and are easy to treat medically (T or F)

A

super False, seen in corkscrew tails and difficult to treat, usually require surgical amputation or reconstruction

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33
Q

What are other names for impetigo?

A

superficial pustular dermatitis or puppy pyoderma

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34
Q

What is impetigo?

A

subcorneal pustules in sparsely haired skin in dogs <1 yr, infection is just below the stratum corneum

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35
Q

What are clinical signs of impetigo?

A

asymptomatic pustules, papules, honey colored crusts, collarettes, and sometimes pruritus

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36
Q

Impetigo can be seen in healthy dogs without any known associated condition or it can be associated with parasites, nutrition, environment, and viral infections (T or F)

A

All of this is true!

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37
Q

What is the best treatment for mild impetigo?

A

none, it’s often self limiting or just needs topical therapy

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38
Q

What is superficial bacterial folliculitis?

A

an infection in but not beyond the hair follicle

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39
Q

What are the clinical signs of folliculitis?

A

papules, pustules, erythema, collarettes, circumscribed alopecia, varied pruritus

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40
Q

How is folliculitis usually distributed on the body?

A

truncal, ventral abdomen

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41
Q

What usually causes folliculitis?

A

mainly infiltrating neutrophils that release pruritogenic proteases

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42
Q

Superficial bacterial folliculitis is usually a primary disease (T of F)

A

dude that’s false

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43
Q

Superficial bacterial folliculitis never reoccurs (T or F)

A

also false, it often reoccurs

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44
Q

How are the underlying diseases of folliculitis classified?

A

pruritic (the itch that rashes) or non-pruritic (the rash that itches)

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45
Q

What are the most common DDx for bacterial folliculitis?

A

demodicosis, dermatophytosis, and pemphigus

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46
Q

aserafsdssssssssssssssssssssssssskdddddddddddddddddddddddddd

A

Phoebe made this card just for you!

…….with her butt

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47
Q

How can you diagnose bacterial folliculitis?

A

history, skin scrapings to rule out parasites, rule out ringworm with culture, cytology, response to therapy

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48
Q

What is the rule of thumb for treating bacterial folliculitis?

A

use the right antibiotic at the right dose 1wk past resolution of lesions

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49
Q

What is deep pyoderma (canine acne)?

A

deep folliculitis and furunculosis (inflammation with ruptured hair follicle)

50
Q

What breeds are usually seen with canine acne?

A

short coated breeds

51
Q

What are the clinical signs of deep pyodermas?

A

papules, nodules, hemorrhagic bulla on chin and lips. Can erode or ulcerate and draining tracts may form with ruptured hair follicle that have serous sanguinate exudate.

52
Q

What are the kinds of deep pyoderma?

A

canine acne, nasal pyoderma, interdigital pyoderma, generalized, deep hot spots

53
Q

Where are nasal pyodermas located?

A

dorsal muzzle and around nostrils

54
Q

What breeds are predisposed to nasal pyodermas?

A

shepherds, collies, pointers, hunting dogs

55
Q

What is the main differential for nasal pyodermas?

A

dermatophytosis

56
Q

How do you treat deep pyodermas?

A

systemic antibiotics two weeks past clinical cure

57
Q

What is a main clinical sign in interdigital pyoderma?

A

comedones that may become inflamed and rupture

58
Q

Which deep pyodermas are seen in any age or sex?

A

interdigital and generalized

59
Q

What areas are lesions seen in with generalized deep pyoderma?

A

anywhere but often rump, thighs, chest, and legs

60
Q

What diagnostic should you do on all deep pyoderma cases?

A

bacterial culture and sensitivity

61
Q

What breed often gets deep hot spots?

A

golden retriever

62
Q

How can you distinguish a deep hot spot from a regular hot spot?

A

deep feel thicker and when squeezed you see draining tracts with sanguinous purulent exudate. They don’t respond to routine therapy.

63
Q

Use a bactericidal drug with recurrent pyodermas (T or F)

A

T use this instead of bacteriostatic

64
Q

How should you use medicated shampoos?

A

massage them in to the skin for 10 minutes

65
Q

How is the duration of therapy different for superficial and deep pyodermas?

A

superficial: 1 wk after clinical signs resolve
deep: 2 wks after clinical signs resolve

66
Q

What cases should bacterins be used in treatment?

A

if they respond to long term antibiotic therapy but relapse shortly after the therapy is stopped

67
Q

Immunomodulators will cure an existent bacterial infection (T or F)

A

False, they will not you must use antibiotics concurrently

68
Q

What are the number 1 and number 2 underlying primary problems with pyodermas?

A

1) allergic 2) endocrinopathies

69
Q

What are some antibiotic options for treating canine pyoderma?

A

erythromycin, clindamycin, penicillinase-resistant penicillins, TMPS, cephalexin, clavamox, convenia, enrofloxacin, marbofloxacin

70
Q

What is the theory for why cats are less likely to develop skin infections?

A

staph species adhere poorly to feline corneocytes

71
Q

Compare abscesses to cellulitis.

A

abscess: focal accumulation of pus
cllulitis: diffuse dermal and SQ infection

72
Q

What cats are predisposed to abscesses and cellulitis?

A

intact males

73
Q

How would you treat feline abscesses or cellulitis?

A

drain and clean

systemic antibiotics for 2 wks, treat 1 wk past clinical signs

74
Q

What antibiotics can you use to treat feline abscesses?

A

penicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, clavamox, and cephalexin

75
Q

What organisms are isolated from feline abscesses?

A

anaerobes, P. multocida, beta hemolytic streptococci, staph, clostridium, and E. coli

76
Q

What is the definition of atopy?

A

an inherited predisposition to develop IgE antibodies to environmental allergens

77
Q

Atopic dermatitis is a type II hypersensitivity (T or F)

A

False it is type I (IgE mediated)

78
Q

What cells does IgE fix to in atopic dermatitis?

A

mast cells and basophils

79
Q

What role does IL4 play in atopic dermatitis?

A

Th2 lymphocytes make it and it signals B cells to produce IgE

80
Q

What are the main two routes that sensitizing allergens enter the animal?

A

inhaled or penetrate the skin

81
Q

What role do langerhans cells play in atopic dermatitis?

A

langerhans have IgE receptors -> IgE binds -> allergen binds to IgE -> present allergen to Th2 lympho -> they secrete IL4 and 5

82
Q

Hair is a major epidermal antigen (T or F)

A

False-erific! dander and dried saliva are

83
Q

Pruritus is the initial sign in atopic dermatitis (T or F)

A

True!

84
Q

What 6 factors predispose atopic dogs to staph secondary pyoderma?

A

1) keratinocytes bind more staph
2) stratum corneum has less ceramides
3) skin is inflamed and warm
4) increased skin moisture
5) increased sebaceous nutrients for staph
6) excoriation damages barrier

85
Q

What is the difference between seborrhea oleosa and seborrhea sicca? Which is more common with atopic dermatitis?

A

oleosa is associated with excessive sebum secretion, and is more common with AD

86
Q

Treating the secondary problems will improve an animal’s allergic condition (T or F)

A

True!

87
Q

Where is pruritus localized in atopic dermatitis?

A

face, axillae, ventrum, lateral thorax and feet

88
Q

What is the main differential for atopic dermatitis?

A

sarcoptic mange

89
Q

Atopic dermatitis is controllable, but not curable (T or F)

A

True!

90
Q

Antihistamines are antagonized by fatty acids (T or F)

A

FALSE they work synergistically

91
Q

In feline AD what is the most common non seasonal allergen?

A

house dust mites

92
Q

Feline AD can mimic what disorder?

A

psychogenic alopecia (self inflicted and non inflammatory)

93
Q

Do cats with AD always present with pruritus?

A

No and yes, owner often won’t notice pruritus and won’t report it but the cat usually has been itchy

94
Q

Why are cats brought in early in the course of AD?

A

they will often self mutilate when severely pruritic

95
Q

Non-inflammatory alopecia in cats is often Cushing’s (T or F)

A

So FALSE! it’s very rare in cats, self induced is more likely

96
Q

What sort of trial should you perform first with non-seasonal pruritus?

A

food elimination trial

97
Q

Skin tests have many problems in cats (T or F)

A

oh yeah it’s True, stress affects the response and they are very difficult to interpret

98
Q

Glucocorticoids are the main therapy for AD in cats (T or F)

A

you know it’s True!

99
Q

What’s the greatest concern with glucocorticoids in cats?

A

developing diabetes mellitus

100
Q

Who is more likely to get food allergy? cats or dogs

A

kitty cats

101
Q

Which type of hypersensitivity is food allergy?

A

most likely type I, but also type III and type IV

102
Q

What are the top allergens for dogs and cats in food allergy?

A

beef, dairy, wheat, fish

103
Q

Switching brands is an effective way to manage food allergies (T or F)

A

all the false, usually have similar ingredients so you won’t fix anything

104
Q

At what age of onset should you suspect food allergy?

A

under 1 year

105
Q

Fleas will get you if no dogs or cats are around (T or F)

A

True and gross

106
Q

Flea allergy is common in warm tropical climates (T or F)

A

True!

107
Q

What is the most common flea of dogs and cats?

A

Ctenocephalides felis

108
Q

Can fleas survive freezing?

A

nope, thankfully

109
Q

What does flea saliva contain?

A

anticoagulants and pruritogenic enzymes

110
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is flea allergy?

A

Type I or IV, usually see both at once

111
Q

What three things favor developing flea allergy?

A

intermittent exposure, exposure late in life, AD

112
Q

What is the distribution of flea allergy lesions in dogs?

A

dorsal lumbar sacral, base of tail, medial hind limbs, abdomen, inguinal

113
Q

Interdermal testing can diagnose flea allergy (T or F)

A

True, some false negatives but it’s a better test for this than with other allergies

114
Q

What flea control are cats sensitive to?

A

pyrethrins and permethrin

115
Q

What do pyrethrins kill?

A

adult fleas and larvae

116
Q

How does imidacloprid work?

A

blocks Ach receptors

117
Q

What does fipronil kill?

A

fleas and ticks

118
Q

What does S-methoprene do?

A

prevents eggs and larva from developing

119
Q

Demodex canis is a normal inhabitantof hair follicles and sebaceous glands (T or F)

A

True

120
Q

What needs to happen for demodex canis to cause disease?

A

immunodysfunction of the host lets the parasite run wild

121
Q

Follicular demodicosis is usually pruritic (T or F)

A

False, unless secondary pyoderma

122
Q

What is the prognosis for the different onsets and types of demodicosis?

A

adult onset of any kind is guarded
juvenile localized is very good
juvenile generalized is ok

Lizzy Skin and Adnexa (2 decks)

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