Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Lizzy Skin and Adnexa > Exam 1 from notes > Flashcards

Exam 1 from notes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the cuboidal cells in the stratum basale? Which predominates?

A

keratinocytes and melanocytes

90% keratinocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which layer is the site of cell division?

A

stratum basale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis moving towards the surface?

A

basal, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum

better squares grow luscious corners!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What dynamic junctions attach keratinocytes to each other? What’s the significance of this?

A

desmosomes, can breakdown and allow other cells to pass through and keratinocytes to move

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how are basal cells attached to the basement membrane?

A

hemidesmosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the autoimmune disease that targets desmosomes?

A

pemphigus foliaceus, most common autoimmune of domestic animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What kind of skin is the stratum spinosum thicker in?

A

thicker in glabrous areas like footpads and nasal planum, only 1-3 layers in hairy skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How do cells change shape in the stratum spinosum?

A

start polyhedral and flatten towards surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What process begins in the stratum spinosum?

A

differentiation to become completely keratinized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is acanthosis and what can cause it?

A

increased thickness of the stratum spinosum from chronic inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Is the stratum granulosum present in all haired skin?

A

no where it is present it’s only 1-2 cells thick and twice as thick in glabrous skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What do keratinocytes contain in the stratum granulosum? What are they’re significance?

A

keratohyalin granules rich in histidine and cystine

membrane coating granules that produce intercellular lipid for stratum corneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where is a stratum lucidum found? What kind of skin?

A

areas of friction where epidermis is thick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cells of the stratum corneum are anuclear (T or F)

A

T, they are fully cornified

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What constitutes the “brick and mortar” of the stratum corneum?

A

the fully keratinized keratinocytes are bricks and the intercellular lamellar lipid is the mortar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the cell envelope made of? And what is it’s function?

A

cross-linked proteins, structural support and barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What role do keratinocytes play in immunity?

A

they are phagocytic, produce cytokines and inflammatory mediators and antimicrobial peptides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the origin of melanocytes? Where are they found? What do they produce?

A

neural crest
in follicles, stratum basale, and glands
produce melanin to protect from UV light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the origin of langerhans cells? What is their function?

A

from bone marrow

immune surveillance, antigen presenting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the three stages of the epidermis life cycle?

A

mitosis, differentiation, exfoliation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Normal desquamation is visible on exam (T or F)

A

F, visible scales are a disorder of keratinization, increased mitosis -> reduced turn over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Hairy skin has a thin epidermis with thin stratum corneum (T or F)

A

True, glabrous skin is thicker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Hairy skin does NOT have rete pegs (T or F)

A

True, glabrous skin has rete pegs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Skin is thickest over the ventrum, axillae, and inguinal regions (T or F)

A

False, in general skin is thickest over the dorsum (dorsal part of the animal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the BMZ?

A

basement membrane zone, joins epidermis with underlying stroma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The dermis is the thickest part of the skin (T or F)

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the 3 cells of the dermis?

A

fibroblasts, mast cells, and histiocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What do fibroblasts secrete?

A

fibronectin, collagen, elastic and reticular fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are histiocytes?

A

dermal dendritic monocytes that can phagocytize

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the name of a group of genetic disorders that involve defects in collagen synthesis?

A

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Collagen is the major fiber of the dermis (T or F)

A

True, Collagen > Elastic > Reticulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How do reticulin fibers differ from collagen?

A

fine and branching, take up silver stains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Where do arrector pili muscles originate?

A

BMZ and attach to base of hair follicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the polysaccharides in the ground substance of the dermis?

A

glycosaminoglycans, linked to proteins as proteoglycans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is found in large amounts in the dermis of Shar peis?

A

hyaluronic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the disease caused by abnormally high hyaluronic acid?

A

cutaneous mucinosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Hypothyroidism can increase hyaluronic acid causing a condition called pitting edema (T or F)

A

False, it causes myxedema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are the divisions of the dermis? And what is the characteristic of each?

A 
papillary dermis (superficial) more cells and fibers
reticular dermis (deep) course fibers and fewer cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Hairy skin has dermal papillae (rete ridges) and well formed capillary loops (T or F)

A

False, Glabrous skin has these features, found at the foot pads and nasal planum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is the function of the subcutis?

A

fat storage, insulation, body shape, shock absorber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is sterile nodular panniculitis?

A

sterile inflammation of the subcutis with nodules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Sebaceous glands are present throughout haired skin (T or F)

A

True, empty into hair follicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What three factors increase sebum production?

A

androgens, progesterone, and thyroid hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What two factors decrease sebum production?

A

corticosteroids and estrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Apocrine glands empty into hair follicles (T or F)

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is anhydrosis?

A

seen in horses that can’t sweat properly and result in hyperthermia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Eccrine glands empty into hair follicles (T or F)

A

False, found in hairless regions

48
Q

Hair is made from soft keratin (T or F)

A

False, it’s made from hard keratin that is high in sulfur and cystine

49
Q

What makes up the pilo sebaceous/apocrine apparatus?

A

hair follicle, sebaceous gland, apocrine gland

down growth of the epidermis

50
Q

What are the three phases of hair growth?

A

anagen (growth), catagen (intermediate), telogen (resting)

51
Q

Melanocytes of the hair bulb are always active (T or F)

A

False, only active during anagen

52
Q

What hormone can initiate anagen?

A

thyroid hormone

53
Q

What hormones can inhibit anagen?

A

glucocorticoids and estrogen

54
Q

What is telogen defluxion?

A

couple months after a stressful event when lots of glucocorticoids were released, inhibits anagen -> many hairs stay in telogen

55
Q

Describe a compound follicle.

A

multiple hairs emerging from a single hair follicle pore combo of primary and secondary follicles

56
Q

Secondary follicles have apocrine glands and arrector pili just like primary follicles (T or F)

A

False, they lack these

57
Q

The hair shaft is the entire length of the hair including the part below the skin surface (T or F)

A

False, it is the free portion above the skin, the root is the portion inside the follicle attached to the papilla by the hair bulb

58
Q

What are the three layers of the hair?

A

cuticle, cortex, and medulla

59
Q

What layers of the hair contains the melanin?

A

the cells of the cortex mostly, some in the medulla

60
Q

All hairs have all three layers (T or F)

A

False, not all have a medulla

61
Q

Compare primary hairs to secondary hairs

A

primary: large, medullated, coarse, guard hairs
secondary: fine, medullated, undercoat

62
Q

What are lanugo hairs?

A

fine, non medullated, not present in dogs and cats post birth

63
Q

Wool fibers don’t have a medulla (T or F)

A

True, fine non medullated and tightly crimped

64
Q

Whiskers are what type of hair?

A

sinus or tactile hairs

65
Q

Young animals are more commonly seen with auto immune and neoplastic skin diseases. (T or F)

A

False, more commonly allergies, demodicosis, dermatophytosis

endocrine, autoimmune, neoplasia in older animals

66
Q

What colors in breeds predispose them to skin disease and what are some of the diseases?

A

any color dilution (blue or fawn) -> dilution alopecia

black -> black hair follicle dysplasia

67
Q

The age of the animal at presentation is most important (T or F)

A

False, It’s important to get the age of onset in the history, often different from presentation

68
Q

A dog that licks likely has severe pruritus (T or F)

A

False (usually), licking is often mild pruritus

chewing scratching and rubbing are moderate to severe signs

69
Q

What does Dr. Torres list as her most important question to ask for history?

A

Is the animal pruritic? and how severe is it?

70
Q

List some diseases that are always/typically pruritic.

A 
atopic dermatitis
food allergy
flea bite allergy
sarcoptic mange
notoedric mange
demodicosis by surface mite
71
Q

List some diseases that are non-pruritic.

A 
hypothyroidism
cushing's
alopecia
sex hormone imbalance
folliclular dysplasia
decodicosis by follicular mite
canine dermatophytosis
72
Q

Which came first pruritus or alopecia or skin rash? What can the answer to this tell you?

A

itching first -> allergic or parasitic
alopecia first -> endocrinopathy or demodicosis
skin rash first -> bacterial, underlying endocrine, sterile pustular

73
Q

Previous treatment isn’t important in a history (T or F)

A

False (duh!), Dr. Torres says this is extremely important! Was it used at the right dosage for the proper duration?

74
Q

What would you suspect with a very pruritic dog that doesn’t respond to glucocorticoids? What disease usually responds well to glucocorticoids?

A

suspect sarcoptic mange

allergic dogs should respond well to glucocorticoids suppress immune response -> less hypersensitivity

75
Q

What would you suspect if a dog becomes worse with glucocorticoids?

A

parasitic or infectious causes

suppress immune response -> can’t fight off

76
Q

What should you do if pyoderma doesn’t respond to emperical antibiotics?

A

culture and sensitivity!

77
Q

Macules can be palpated (T or F)

A

False, it cannot, it is a flat change in skin color

78
Q

What is a patch?

A

a macule greater than 1 cm

79
Q

What are the 4 differentials for a macule?

A

depigmented, melanotic, erythematous, hemorrhagic

80
Q

What is a papule?

A

solid elevation up to 1 cm

81
Q

Papules can always be palpated (T or F)

A

True, a solid mass of inflammatory cells

82
Q

What are common differentials for papules?

A

superficial pyoderma (until proven otherwise)
parasites (sarcoptic)
bacterial
flea allergy

83
Q

What is a plaque?

A

large flat topped elevation or coalition of papules

84
Q

What are differentials for plaques?

A

eosinophil plaques
fungal
neoplasm

85
Q

What is a nodule?

A

solid elevation over 1 cm

86
Q

What are differentials for a nodule?

A

deep fungal
neoplasm
panniculitis
sterile pyogranulomas

87
Q

Tumors can involve any structure of the skin (T or F)

A

True

88
Q

What is a pustule?

A

small elevation filled with pus, usually yellow

89
Q

Pustules are hard to rupture (T or F)

A

False, easily rupture because they are superficial and result in crusts

90
Q

What are differentials for pustules?

A

superficial pyoderma
demodicosis
pemphigus foliaceous

91
Q

Abscesses are very superficial and pus is easily seen (T or F)

A

False, large and deep

pus isn’t seen until it drains to surface

92
Q

What is the primary differential for an abscess?

A

bacterial infection

93
Q

Vesicles are filled with pus (T or F)

A

False, filled with clear fluid

94
Q

What are differentials for vesicles?

A

autoimmune
viral
chemical irritant

95
Q

What is a bulla?

A

a vesicle over 1cm

96
Q

What is a cyst?

A

epithelial lined cavity of fluid

97
Q

What is a wheal?

A

short lived raised lesion of edema

98
Q

What is angioedema and what is a defining characteristic?

A

diffuse edema extending into the subcutis

pits when pressed

99
Q

What is a scale?

A

loose fragments of the stratum corneum

100
Q

What is erythema and what happens when you press it?

A

diffuse red discoloration, blanches when pressed

101
Q

What does concurrent inflammation with alopecia tell you?

A

inflammation present ->allergic or parasitic

absent -> endocrinopathies or follicular dysplasia (alopecia is spontaneous not self induced)

102
Q

What is a follicular cast and what is the primary differential?

A

keratin and follicular material that adheres to the shaft

sebaceous adenitis

103
Q

What is a crust?

A

dried exudate

104
Q

What is a comedo?

A

dilated follicle filled with keratin and sebum (blackhead)

105
Q

What are comedones a primary lesion of?

A

feline acne
hypothyroid
cushing’s

106
Q

What is an erosion?

A

shallow break in continuity of epidermis, doesn’t penetrate stratum basale, heals without scarring

107
Q

Erosions are deeper than ulcers (T or F)

A

False, ulcers are deeper and expose underlying dermis, usually scars

108
Q

Excoriations are spontaneous (T or F)

A

False, they are self induced linear erosions or ulcers from scratching etc

109
Q

What is an epidermal collarette?

A

circular rim of loose keratin

110
Q

What does an Epidermal collarette usually indicate?

A

superficial staph infection, superficial spreading pyoderma

111
Q

Lichenification indicates chronic inflammation (T or F)

A

True, result of friction

112
Q

What are ulcerated tracts in the skin originating in the deep dermis or subcutis fat?

A

draining sinus tracts

113
Q

What is a fissure and its pathogenesis?

A

linear cleavage of epidermis

thick inelastic skin -> sudden swelling or trauma

114
Q

If you see blood when doing a skin scraping you’ve gone too far (T or F)

A

False, you want to see a small amount of blood in an adequate scraping

115
Q

Always scrape excoriated areas (T or F)

A

False, mites are mechanically removed anyway

scrape papules

116
Q

Compare direct smears to impression smears

A

direct smears: collect material with a needle

impression smears: slide is pressed to the lesion

117
Q

When doing a punch biopsy you want to get normal and abnormal skin (T or F)

A

False, just lesional skin

lesions may be small and you don’t want to have only normal skin in your biopsy

Lizzy Skin and Adnexa (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions