Exam 2 - Family: Papillomaviridae

Question 1

Family: Papillomaviridae - Properties

Answer 1

Non-enveloped, spherical, 55 nm, single molecule of circular double-stranded DNA, Resistant viruses.

Produce papillomas (warts) on the skin and mucous membranes of most animal species.

Question 2

Family: Papillomaviridae - Replication

Answer 2

Linked intimately to the growth and differentiation of cells in stratified squamous epithelium of the skin and some mucous membranes. Infect keratinocytes in the basal layer of the epithelium. The viral genomes are replicated in synchromy with cellular DNA.

Question 3

Benign oncogenic papillomaviruses

Answer 3

The DNA is episomal, meaning it is not integrated into the host cell DNA and persists as an autonomously replicating episome

Question 4

Malignant oncogenic papillomaviruses

Answer 4

The viral DNA is integrated into that of the host. Thus, integration probably is necessary for malignant transformation. Involve oncogenes E6 and E7.

Question 5

Papillomaviridae diseases

Answer 5

1. Bovine papillomavirus
2. Canine Oral Papillomatosis
3. Equine sarcoids

Question 6

Oncoproteins in Papillomaviruses

Answer 6

Papillomavirus (HPV) E6 and E7 proteins. DNA damage signals p53 to cell death. HPV causes E6 which prevents p53 from making damaged DNA commit suicide. HPV also causes E7 to bind to Rb and prevents its from stopping damaged cells from growing.

Question 7

Bovine Papillomatosis - Host

Answer 7

More commonly seen in cattle than in any other domestic animal. Natural bovine papillomavirus infection of horses may occur after exposure of the horses to cattle.

Question 8

Bovine Papillomatosis - Transmission

Answer 8

Virus is transmitted between animals by contaminated milking equipment, halters, nose leads, grooming and earmaking equipment, etc. Sexual transmission of venereal warts in cattle.

Question 9

Bovine Papillomatosis - Fibropapilloma

Answer 9

Mostly caused by bovine papillomavirus types 1,2, and 5. A fibrous core covered to a variable depth with stratified squamous epithelium, the outer layers of which are hyperkeratinized.

Question 10

Bovine Papillomatosis - Fibropapilloma - Young bulls

Answer 10

Fibropapillomas are found frequently on the penis, but not on prepuce. Wart grows rapidly and may surround tips of penis. This may render them of no value as bull studs.

Question 11

Bovine Papillomatosis - Cutaneous papillomas

Answer 11

Bovine papillomaviruses type 3. Lesions lack fibrous core.

Question 12

Bovine Papillomatosis - Bracken fern

Answer 12

Bovine papillomatosis type 4. Ingestion of the bracken fern cause invasive carcinoma of the alimentary tract. Bracken fern contains carcinogens, mutagen, and immunosuppressive chemicals. In cattle that eat bracken fern, papillomavirus types 1 and 2 may also contribute to the syndrome of “enzootic hematuria” that is characterized by hematuria and/or urinary bladder cancer.

Question 13

Bovine Papillomatosis - Treatment

Answer 13

Surgical excision or cryosurgery with liquid nitrogen. Topical agents, podophyllin and undiluted medical grade DMSO. Bovine interferon alpha, podophyllin plant, wart vaccine.

Question 14

Canine Oral Papillomatosis

Answer 14

The warts usually begin on the lips, and can spread to the buccal mucosa, tongue, palate, and pharynx. Later may become roughened and cauliflower-like. Do not extend below epiglottis or into esophagus.

Question 15

Canine Oral Papillomatosis - Koilocytosis

Answer 15

Characterized histologically by epithelial hyperplasia and cytoplasmic vacuolization

Question 16

Canine Oral Papillomatosis - Clinical signs

Answer 16

Halitosis, hemorrhage, ptyalism, discomfort. Ocular warts.

Question 17

Canine Oral Papillomatosis - Treatment

Answer 17

Surgical excision, cryosurgery, electrosurgery. Autogenous vaccine ( a wart is removed, made into a crude vaccine, and injected into the same animal) may be tried. Efficacy doubtful.

Question 18

Equine Sarcoids

Answer 18

Most common neoplasm in horse, locally invasive benign fibroblastic skin tumor, associated with bovine papillomaviruses 1 or 2. Sarcoids do not metastasize. they may persist for life. Are locally invasive, recur after surgical removal

Question 19

Equine Sarcoids - Transmission

Answer 19

Flies as vectors, fomites, breed susceptibility with major histocompatibility complex has been defined.

Question 20

Equine Sarcoids - Susceptible horses

Answer 20

Arabian horse
Appaloosa horse
American Quarter horse

Question 21

Equine Sarcoids - Less susceptible horses

Answer 21

Standard bred horse

Thoroughbred horse