Exam #2 - ETIOLOGY Flashcards by Veronica Pena

Predictors of drug use, misuse, abuse, and dependence:

Intrapersonal predictors…

Neurobiological
Cognition

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Predictors of drug use, misuse, abuse, and dependence:

Extrapersonal predictors…

Social groups
Large social and physical environment

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Chicken and the Egg:

(ASKKKK)

Does a variable lead to later drug
use or addictive behavior (is it a predictor), or does it
stem from drug use or addictive behavior (outcome)

A (antecdents) -> B (behaviors) -> C (consequences)

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Neurobiologically relevant etiology:

Define GENES:

Genetic variations, genetic polymorphisms, and allele associations lead to
differences in metabolic processes, which may lead to addiction.

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Neurobiologically relevant etiology:

BRAIN STRUCTURES:

Brain variation or structure/pathway communication may
lead to addiction.

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Neurobiologically relevant etiology:

Define BRAIN “JUICES”:

Neurotransmitters and neuropeptides are chemical substances
which act as mediators for the transmission of impulses from neuron to neuron
through the synapse. Dysregulation of neurotransmitter, neuropeptide, and
hormonal systems may lead to addiction.

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Are EARLY CHILDHOOD ENVIRONMENT AND PERSONALITY PHENOTYPES relevant to Neurobiologically etiology?

Yes

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Neurobiologically relevant etiology: Genes

30% to 60% of the variation in drug abuse (e.g., Deak & Johnson, 2021; Facal et al., 2021—50% of alcoholism; twin studies; e.g., brother-brother, father-son; COGA Study

However, genetic expression is much more complicated than one may imagine (general psychopathology factor,
heavy drinking factor; subtle G x E interaction

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How many Brain regions and addiction?

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Brain regions and addiction (here’s 11)

Amydala (emotional processing of sensory inputs; innervates VTA;
conditioned incentives)
Hypothalamus (set-point, regulation functions; innervates VTA)
Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) (manufacture of DA)
Medial Forebrain Bundle (MFB) (carrier of DA)
Nucleus Accumbens (an endpoint of DA, sends information to
motor areas)
Pallidum (connects movement-control regions)
Hippocampus (guidance of behavior from episodic inputs; long-
term memory)
Anterior Cingulate Cortex (executive processing, planning)
Prefrontal Cortex (another endpoint of DA; Dorsolaeral PFC
[working memory])
Medial Frontal Cortex (effort-based reward-related decision
making)
Orbital Frontal Cortex (implicit cognition, emotion, motivation)

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Neurotransmitters associated with appetitive-motivated behaviors

Dopamine (novelty, pleasure, reward)
Serotonin (emotion/pleasure maintenance and sleep processing)

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all recreational drugs appear to increase DA turnover (T/F)

True

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Neurotransmitter-relevant theories of Addiction!

Reward deficiency syndrome:

Insufficient D2 dopamine, serotonin, or norepinephrine production, receptors, pattern of firing; self-medication maybe

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Neurotransmitter-relevant theories of Addiction!

Incentive-sensitization theory

Dissociation of “liking” [mu opioid hotspots] with “wanting” [mesolimbic DA]

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Name the neurotransmitter-relevant theories of Addiction

Incentive-sensitization theory, Reward deficiency syndrome, Allostasis (opponent-process counteradaptation)

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Neurobiologically relevant etiology: environmental or drug use impact

What may lead to under-development of key brain structures?

adverse childhood experiences or ACE

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Addictive personality?

Define sensation seeking (SS):

desiring varied, novel, intense experiences

-SS may be a response to high DA turnover

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Cognitive etiological variables of drug abuse:

Cognitive-information errors…

may affect one’s likelihood of becoming a drug abuser

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Example of Cognitive-information errors:

(ASKK)

Implicit associative processes; spreading activation
in memory; cues-behaviors-outcomes
Expecting what have been taught or past experiences; can
form a semantic network of associations in memory
Implicit/relatively automatic processes can take over contr

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Cognitive etiological variables of drug abuse (continued)

Mystification (Mystification Theory)-subjective process and outcomes become confused;

– ex: “getting used” to a drug is the beginning of addiction, not comfort

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Social interaction and social group etiological variables influencing drug use:

Family unit and parenting
Family interactions serve as protective or risk factors
for drug use (e.g., conflictual versus warm interactions,
parent deviance)
Parenting styles affect problem behaviors (authoritative
best, see next slide)
Quality and quantity of family time, parental monitoring of a child’s activities are examples of factors
predictive of later drug use (e.g., latch-key kids)

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Note: rewarding child for not using tobacco can lead to
increased tobacco use; punitive discipline, spouses arguing
about discipline also not good (T/F)

True

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Parenting Style leading to a cooperative child:

Authoritative= warm=strict

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Peer social influence

Friends and peer group affiliation inhibit or promote drug use:

(ASKK)

Informational (covert/observational/modeling)
social influence may operate
Normative (overt/adherence/acceptance) social
influence may operate

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Social interaction and social group etiological variables influencing drug use Define Social Cognitive Theory (SCT)

- Suggests that drug use can develop through vicarious learning, modeling, and through reinforcing pharmacological drug effects. - Family or peer role models act as teachers of the time and place, quantity and methods of drug use

teen groups:

Jocks, Brains, Socials, Deviants, and Regulars/Others

is social support a part of social interaction and social group etiological variables influencing drug use?

Yes Examples of Social support: (a) companionship, (b) instrumental (e.g., money), (c) conformity (e.g., “don’t cheat”), and (d) informational (e.g., how to find a classroom)

Centrality (Social networks):

Individuals occupying central positions within a network tend to be more influential

Liaison (Social networks):

though individuals may be a link between two group

Isolate (Social networks):

not be in the group/have one connection

Group characteristics include: - density: - homophily:

- Density: number of group ties - Homophily: degree of similarity of persons in the group

Larger social and physical environmental etiological influences on drug use

Map

Larger social and physical environmental etiological influences on drug use The majority of cocaine (about 80%) is manufactured in Colombia (T/F)

True - the coca leaf is exported from Bolivia, Peru, Chile, and Argentina, as well as grown in Colombia... Some in Mexico - treatment cases: 3% in Europe, 60% in ”Americas” (20% in US, 2018)

Larger social and physical environmental etiological influences on drug use Majority of opium has been coming from Afganistan (85%) then Myanmar (~10%). (T/F)

True -However, in 2023, the United Nations (UN) reported that Northwest Myanmar (bordering on India) surpassed Afghanistan as the world's largest opium producers. Poppy cultivation has also increased in Manipur, an Indian state.

Larger social and physical environmental etiological influences on drug use opioid use disorder treatment cases:

70% of cases in Asia countries, Russian Federation, and high in Western Europe, 20% in “America” (but tied for highest illicit drug)

How People Get Drugs such as Cocaine and Heroin:

- Access (awareness of local distribution routes) - Acquisition skills (knowing what to say and do) - A means of exchange (resources, money or services provided) *The idea here is that there is knowledge and skill involved. The long-term addict becomes an “expert” at knowing where to go and what to do to obtain and use the drug*

Air pollution:

Air pollution may exist in urban areas, but may directly dysregulate mesolimbic DA turnover -> vulnerability to addiction

Larger social and physical environmental etiological influences on drug use:

- Air pollution - Socioeconomics - Environmental availability of drugs - Media and worldwide access to information (ex: advertisements) -Parental permissiveness on children’s viewing of R-rated movies influences smoking

Socioeconomics

- may affect some to *self-medicate* with drugs under disadvantaged circumstances - causes a descent in SES due to addiction (*downward drift*)

Geographic Information Systems: Geocoding

ex: can examine distance from drug object location versus fitness club

Larger social and physical environmental etiological influences on drug use! M are (blank) more likely to report a substance use disorder than FM

2-to-4 times

Larger social and physical environmental etiological influences on drug use! M (blank) likely than FM to self-disclose addiction

Larger social and physical environmental etiological influences on drug use! Example of fetal effects

54% of pediatric AIDS from mothers due to needle use

Larger social and physical environmental etiological influences on drug use! FM>M: custody issues, more likely to lack insurance, victimization – If a heavy drinker-deaths: FMs 50-100% > M) (T/F)

True

Larger social and physical environmental etiological influences on drug use! What affects drug use prevalence or self-disclosure?

Sex-role expectations and differential stigma

who is least likely to misuse substances?

Gender roles: androgynous - Male High (instrumental) - Female High (nurturance)

Larger social and physical environmental etiological influences on drug use W>B drug (blank), but B>W (blank)

use; dependence - W>B drug use, but B>W dependence

Cultural influences on drug use:

* Life habits or rituals, normative structures and expectations, and beliefs about drug use and its effects may affect drug use (wine as food in France

Acculturation:

Identification with Culture of Origin Versus Host Culture

A total of 73 studies, which covered 15,905,182 substance-related posts on Twitter, YouTube, Instagram, Pinterest, TikTok and Weibo, were identified. A total of 76.3% of all substance-related content was positive in its depiction of substance use, with 20.2% of content depicting use negatively. (year of study)

2023

The Mass Media: Sargent and colleagues (2004):

Looks at onset of smoking among 10-to-14-year-olds 17 months later (ASKK)

Risk and protective factors: * may vary in (blank) of impact (maybe SS greater impact than access) * may vary in (blank) of impact (maybe SS more stable than access )

strength; stability

Biopsychosocial models:

(drug misuse is a biopsychosocial [BPS] phenomenon as are behavioral addictions

Risk and Protective Factors Considered within a (blank)—Currently Very Popular Model

Socio-Ecological Model (SEM)

Problem Behavior Theory Perceived Environment ([blank] family/peer support and norms) + Perceived Environment ([blank] family/peer approval or modeling of use behavior = drug use

distal; proximal

Current Multivariate Models

1.Risk and protective factors 2.Biopsychosocial models 3.Risk and Protective Factor 4.Problem Behavior Theory 5.Theory of Triadic Influence (TTI) 9-Cell Matrix 6. Stage Modeling 7. PACE Model 8. Appetitive Effect Model of Addiction

Appetitive Effect Model of Addiction:

Associational Memory-Appetitive Systems Relations (AMASR) Model; if person is vulnerable, they may try a substance and fullflils appetive needs

Summary of Etiology Variables Grouped by Levels

- Neurobiological - Cognitive - Microsocial - Large Social and Physical Environment

Neurobiological:

– Genes – Brain structures – Neurotransmitters – Early childhood environment and personality

Cognitive:

– Cognitive-information errors – Limits in rational cognitive processing – Belief-behavior congruence maintenance – Situational/contextual distortions

Microsocial:

– Family unit and parenting – Peer social influence (Social support, deviant socialization, group identification)

Large Social and Physical Environment

– Environmental availability (distribution, access) – Gender, Ethnicity, and Culture – Mass/social media

Research problems