Exam 2 (Electrolytes, Acid-Base) Flashcards
List the 4 main electrolytes:
- Sodium
- Potassium
- Chloride
- Bicarbonate
List the 4 ‘other’ electrolytes:
- Calcium
- Magnesium
- Phosphorous
- Lactate
_____ play a key role in maintaining electrolyte balance:
Kidneys
Water follows ____:
Sodium
Na and ____ move together:
Cl
___ and ___ aid in buffering blood:
K and H
Reabsorption of water depends on ______:
osmolality
These are defined as positive and negative charged ions found in ECF and ICF:
electrolytes
_____are negatively charged:
Anion
_____are positively charged:
Cations
What is the main cation in ECF:
Na
Na is exchanged for H here:
in renal tubules
This makes up 90% of all ECF cations:
Na
Variations in sodium levels can cause ____ and _____:
altered mental state
seizures
Hyponatremia is confirmed by ______ osmolality:
decreased
In hyponatremia, what two hormones will be released and why:
- aldosterone: kidney will reatin Na
* ADH: Kidney will conserve H20
In hypernatremia, what hormone is released and why:
ANP: promotes Na excretion
ANP would be released in this condition and why:
ANP released in hypernatremia to promote Na excretion
What is the major cation in ICF:
K
K concentration is ___x greater in the cell than out:
20 times greater
Only __% of total body potassium is in plasma:
2% (the rest is intracellular)
This electrolyte cation is important in cell metabolism and electrical activity of the body
Potassium
This cation has a reciprocal relationship with H+ ions, and helps maintain acid-base balance:
Potassium
Reference range for Na:
136 - 145 mmol/L
Reference range for K:
3.5 - 5.1 mmol/L
Is Na higher in ECF or ICF:
ECF
K is higher in ICF
This is regulated via renin-angiotensin-aldosterone and ATPase pump:
potassium
This is the major anion in ECF:
Cl-
The precise function of this ECF electrolyte is not well understood:
Cl-
This ECF anion helps buffer exchange of O2 and CO2 in RBC’s:
Cl-
Cl is regulated via ____ and ____:
kidney and sweat glands
____passively follows Na:
Cl
Reference range for Cl:
98 - 107 mmol/L
____ and _____ rise and fall together:
Na and Cl
You would see_____ chloride in diabetes insipidus, dehydration, or salicylate toxicity:
hyperchloremia
CO2 from cellular metabolism diffuses from tissues into plasma/RBC’s, forms carbonic acid, which then dissociates. HCO3- leaves cell and is replaced by Cl- to maintain electric neutrality:
Chloride shift
The reverse of the Chloride shift happens in the _____:
lungs
CO2 leaves cell, HCO3- leaves plasma to replace it, causing Cl to leave to replace it to maintain neutrality
What is the second biggest anion in ECF:
Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
What is increased/decreased levels of HCO3- called:
hyper/hypocapnea
HCO3- contains 90% of total _____:
CO2
Bicarb is converted to ___and ___ in the body and then ____:
CO2 and H20
expired
____ is an indirect measure of bicarb:
CO2
Compensated _____ _____ will cause hypercapnea:
respiratory alkalosis
Compensated ___ ____ will cause hypocapnea:
respiratory acidosis
Hypocapnea results from _____ respiratory rate:
increased
breathing out CO2
This is a measure of the difference in unmeasured anions and cations in blood:
Anion gap
List the anion gap equation and reference range (without K):
Na - (Cl + HCO3)
Range: 8-16
List the anion gap equation and reference range (with K):
(Na + K) - (Cl + HCO3)
Range: 12-20
Increased anion gap, think this:
Slumped
What does slumped stand for:
Salicylate intoxication Lactic acidosis Unmeasured anions Methanol Polyethylene Glycol Ethanol Diabetic ketoacidosis
This is regulated by Vitamin D, PTH, and Calcitonin:
Calcium
40% of calcium is bound to _____:
albumin
T/F Calcium exists in multiple forms in the body:
True.
(free, ionized)
(bound to albumin)
(complexed with anions)
What is the primary cause of hypercalcemia:
hyperparathyroidism
Very low levels of this electrolyte can cause tetany:
calcium
How does hypomagnaesmia affect the ATPase pump:;
Leads to decreased K
