Exam 2- Electrolyte Disorders and Acid-Base Imbalance

Question 1

what are extracellular spaces made up of?

Answer 1

• intraVASCULAR space

- interstitial space

Question 2

how much is our body made up of for intracellular?

Answer 2

2/3

Question 3

how much is our body made up of for extracellular?

Answer 3

1/3

Question 4

ECF measures

Answer 4

• electrolytes
• interstitial space
• plasma
• transcellular

Question 5

diffusion

Answer 5

movement of fluid from HIGH –> LOW concentration

Question 6

active transport

Answer 6

fluid moving against higher concentration

Question 7

osmosis

Answer 7

movement of water down concentration gradient

Question 8

third spacing

Answer 8

water flows into interstitial spaces –> causes edema

Question 9

What is more dilute than blood?

Answer 9

HYPOtonic

-1/2 normal saline

Question 10

What pulls water INTO interstitial spaces?

Answer 10

HYPOtonic

Question 11

What pulls water OUT of interstitial spaces?

Answer 11

HYPERtonic

Question 12

what is more CONCENTRATED than normal blood?

Answer 12

HYPERtonic

-PRBC/ albumin

Question 13

what is the maintenance IV rate?

Answer 13

1.25/hr to maintain fluid balance

Question 14

what can happen if bp drops?

Answer 14

food boluses

Question 15

hypovalemia

Answer 15

decrease vascular volume

Question 16

symptom of hypovalemia

Answer 16

confusion

Question 17

normal for hyponatremia

Answer 17

135-145

Question 18

what does it mean when sodium goes down?

Answer 18

its diluted and means too much water

- fluid volume excess

Question 19

symptoms of hyponatremia

Answer 19

• seizures (below 135)
• confusion
• irritability

Question 20

hypernatremia

Answer 20

sodium greater than 145

Question 21

hypernatremia above 145 causes….

Answer 21

confusion

Question 22

hypernatremia above 155-160 causes

Answer 22

seizures

Question 23

treatment of hypernatremia

Answer 23

osmotic diuretics

Question 24

hypokalemia

Answer 24

slows muscle down and causes muscle weakness and cramps

- low potassium

Question 25

causes of hypokalemia

Answer 25

• diuretics
• furosemide
• lasik

Question 26

foods high in potassium

Answer 26

• ANYTHING WITH SKIN ON
• Potatoes
• avocado
• banana

Question 27

hyperkalemia

Answer 27

excites muscles

-potassium above 5

Question 28

causes of hyperkalemia

Answer 28

renal insufficiency or failure

Question 29

treatment of hyperkalemia

Answer 29

• D50 IVP (shoots sugar up)
• insulin (K is trailer of sugar. When sugar goes into cell and K follows, itll drop K fast)
• dialysis treatment

Question 30

normal calcium

Answer 30

8.4-10.5

Question 31

ionized calcium

Answer 31

4.5-5.6

Question 32

hypocalcemia

Answer 32

low calcium

- usually from someone not eating nutritious diet

Question 33

hypercalcemia

Answer 33

high calcium

• similar to muscle relaxor
• when it goes down, you can get TETANY

Question 34

phosphate are inverse of what?

Answer 34

calcium

Question 35

hyperphosphatemia

Answer 35

acute kidney injury

Question 36

when does phosphorus get retained?

Answer 36

when kidneys arent working

Question 37

what is high in phosphorus?

Answer 37

dairy

Question 38

hypophosphatemia

Answer 38

malabsorption, diarrhea, phosphate binding anti-acids, CNS depression

Question 39

How do you treat hypophosphatemia?

Answer 39

treat with Iv sodium or potassium phosphate to correct hypophosphatemia
- calcium will go down and phosphate will go up

Question 40

normal for magnesium

Answer 40

1.5-2.5

Question 41

magnesium

Answer 41

a muscle relaxer

Question 42

the lower magnesium is…

Answer 42

the more stimulated everything is

-Ex: if pt has cardiac problems, you want to keep Mg low