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Anatomy and Physiology > Exam 2: Digestive System > Flashcards

Exam 2: Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

alimentary canal

A

continuous muscular tube that digest food and absorbs nutrients

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2
Q

accessory organs

A
  • organs that aid in digestion

- produce secretions to help breakdown food

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3
Q

functions of GI tract

A

provides body with water, electrolytes, and nutrients
(maintain function and growth)
- long “tube” from top of mouth down to anus

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4
Q

GI tract requires what

A
  1. movement of food
  2. break down food to absorbable material
  3. absorption of digestive material
  4. neural control (intrinsic and extrinsic)
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5
Q

major actions of the GI tract

A
  1. absorption - nutrients/water
  2. digestion- breakdown of food into absorbable molecules
  3. propulsion/motility- propel ingested food from mouth to rectum
  4. secretion- enzymes and fluid for digestion/absorption
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6
Q

epithelial cells in GI tracts

A

`line entire GI tract and serve as primary barrier

- specialized epithelial cells secrete and absorb compounds to/from lumen

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7
Q

alimentary (GI) canal layers

A

(lumen)

  1. mucosa
  2. submucosa
  3. muscularis externa
  4. serosa/adventitia
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8
Q

small intestine vs large

A
  • most nutrients is absorbs in the small intestine

- large is more for movement and dealing with water for balance

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9
Q

mucosa

A

inside layer of the alimentary canal (lining the lumen)

  • secretes mucus
  • absorb digestive end-products
  • protect against disease
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10
Q

submucosa

A

supports the mucosa (areolar connective tissue)

  • rich supply of blood
  • lymphatic vessels
  • lymphoid follicles
  • nerves
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11
Q

muscularis externa

A

mostly smooth muscle

  • moves things down
  • peristalsis and segmentation
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12
Q

abdominopelvic cavity

A

contains digestive organs

lined by serous membrane (serosa)

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13
Q

peritoneal cavity

A

fluid-filled sac

  1. visceral - inner
  2. parietal - outer
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14
Q

mesentary in the peritoneal cavity

A

double-walled peritoneum

- rich blood upply

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15
Q

retroperitoneal

A

anything outside of the peritoneal cavity is retroperitoneal
- this is lined with adventitia vs serosa

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16
Q

serosa

A

freely moving - fluid between layers

  • only on organs in the peritoneal cavity
  • outermost layer of the alimentary canal
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17
Q

adventitia

A

rigid and binding - not moving

  • only on organs that are retroperitoneal
    ex. esophagus (stuck in place)
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18
Q

splanchnic circulation

A

blood supply for digestive organs

  • arteries branch directly from abdominal aorta
  • hepatic portal vein takes blood from organs to the liver before emptying into interior vena cava
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19
Q

myenteric nerve plexus

A

muscular layer -> contraction

- between circular and longitudinal muscle layers

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20
Q

submucosal nerve plexus

A

stimulating glands to excrete

- in submucosa

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21
Q

parasympathetic NS fibers

A

preganglionic fibers are long and synapse in ganglia INSIDE the wall of the GI tract

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22
Q

sympathetic NS fibers

A

preganglionic fibers are short and synapse in ganglia OUTSIDE of the GI tract

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23
Q

GI extrinsic PNS

A

PNS is supplied by the VAGUS N. and the PELVIC N.

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24
Q

vagus N of the GI extrinsic PNS

A

innervates the UPPER GI tract

  • upper third esophagus w/ striated muscle
  • wall of stomach
  • small intestine
  • upper colon
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25
Q

pelvic N of the GI extrinsic PNS

A

innervates the LOWER GI tract

- striated muscle of anal canal and walls of lower colon

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26
Q

GI intrinsic/enteric NS

A
  • intrinsic/enteric NS directs all functions of the GI tract
  • located in gangli in the myenteric and submucosal plexus
  • controls contractile, secretory, and endocrine functions of GI
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27
Q

enteric/intrinsic NS

A

has both long and short reflex arcs

28
Q

GI neurocrines

A

neurotransmitters and neuromodulators in the GI tract in the enteric NS

29
Q

neuromodulators

A

modulate activity of neurotransmitters

30
Q

GI neurocrines

A
  1. acetylcholine - cholinergic neurons
    - contract smooth muscle
    - increase salivary, gastric, pancreatic secretion
  2. norepinephrine - adrenergic neurons
    - relaxation of smooth muscle
    - salivary secretion
31
Q

GI system regulatory substances

A

GI peptides are classified as hormones (endocrine), paracrine, or neurocrines
- based on whether peptide is released from an endocrine cell or a neuron from the GI tract

32
Q

autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine

A

autocrine- communicates w/ your own activity
paracrine- nearby cell secretion, no bloodstream
endocrine- bloodstream HAS to be involved

33
Q

GI peptides functions

A
  1. contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle
  2. secretion of enzymes for digestion
  3. secrete fluid and electrolytes on tissues
  4. some regulate secretion of other GI peptides
    ex. somatostatin inhibits secretion of all the GI hormones
34
Q

somatostatin

A

INHIBITS secretion of all the GI hormones

35
Q

neurocrines (action potentials)

A

substances synthesized in neurons of GI tract and are released after an AP

  • after released, they diffuse across synapse and act on target cell
  • in GI tract: ACh and norepinephrine
36
Q

endocrine (secretion)

A

secreted, pass through liver, enter systemic circulation to target cells (can either be in GI or elsewhere) (hormones)

  • gastrin
  • cholecystokinin (CCK)
  • secretin
  • GIP
37
Q

paracrine (diffusion)

A

secreted by enteric (intestine) cells of the GI tract

  • act locally within the SAME tissue that secretes them
  • do NOT go into the bloodstream
  • somatostatin = inhibitory
  • histamine = stimulates H+ secretion (acid where digestion occurs)
38
Q

gastrin

A

secreted by G cells of the stomach

  • stimulates growth of gastric mucosa
  • stimulates H+ secretion and is inhibited by a low pH of the gastric contents
39
Q

secretin

A

secreted by S cells of duodenum in response to H+ and fatty acids in the lumen of the small intestines

  • secreted when pH is < 4.5 in SI
  • promotes secretion of pancreatic and biliary HCO3- which neatralizes H+ in the lumen
  • neutralization of H+ is necessary for fat digestion
40
Q

GIP

A

secreted by K cells in the duodenum and jejunum mucosa

  • increases insulin and decreases H+ secretion
  • has amino acids in common with secretin and glucagon
41
Q

CCK

A

secreted by I cells of duodenum and jujenum in response to monoglycerides/fatty acids and peptides/amino acids (not triglycerols)

  • improves digestion by slowing down the emptying of food from the stomach
  • stimulates production of bile in liver as well as gall bladder
  • ensures pancreatic enzymes and bile salts are secreted
42
Q

CCK major actions

A
  1. contraction of gallbladder
  2. secretion of pancreatic enzymes
  3. secretion of bicarbonate from the pancreas
  4. growth of pancreas and gallbladder
  5. inhibition of gastric emptying
43
Q

CCK contraction of gallbladder

A

relaxtion of the sphincter of Oddi ejects bile from gallbladder into the lumen of the small intestine
- bile is needed for emulsification of dietary lipids

44
Q

CCK secretion of pancreatic enzymes

A

pancreatic lipases digest ingested lipids to fatty acids, monoglycerides, and cholesterol to be absorbed

45
Q

pancreatic amylase vs protease

A

amylase- digests carbohydrates

protease- digests proteins

46
Q

CCK growth of pancreas and gallbladder

A

CCK has an effect on pancreas and gallbladder bc these are major target organs

47
Q

CCK inhibition of gastric emptying

A

slows gastric emptying and increases gastric emptying time

  • critical for fat digestion and absorption
  • CCK slows delivery of chyme (partially digested food) from stomach to small intestine ensuring time for good digestion and absorption
48
Q

what does secretin inhibit?

A

inhibits the effects of gastrin on the parietal cells (H+ secretion and growth)
- gastrin produced HCL after a meal into bloodstream, secretin blocks how much acid is being produced

49
Q

whats unique about GIP

A

only GI hormone that is secreted in response to all three types of nutrients

  • glucose
  • amino acids
  • fatty acids
50
Q

stimulation and inhibition of GIP

A
  • GIP stimulates insulin secretion by the pancreatic B cells
  • GIP inhibits gastric H+ secretion and gastric emptying
51
Q

types of paracrines (substance secreted by a cell)

A

somatostatin and histamine

52
Q

somatostatin paracrine

A

secreted by D cells in the GI mucosa in response to decreased lumin pH

  • inhibits secretion of other GI hormones and gastric H+ secretion
  • secreted by hypothalamus and pancreas cells
53
Q

histamine paracrine

A

secreted by endocrine type (ECL) cells of the GI mucosa

- stimulates H+ secretion by the gastric parietal cells

54
Q

histamine vs somatostatin

A

histamine stimulates H+ secretion

somatostatin inhibits H+ secretion

55
Q

satiety (feeling of being full)

A

satiety and feeding center

56
Q

hypothalamus in satiety

A

controls feeding and appetite

- contains nuclei with neurons that project onto the satiety/feeding centers

57
Q

satiety center

A

inhibits appetite
located in the ventromedial hypothalamus
ex. ventromedial hypothalamic lesions = obesity

58
Q

feeding center

A

located in the lateral hypothalamus

ex. lateral hypothalamic lesions = anorexia

59
Q

anorexigenic neurons

A

release pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) which DECREASES appetite

60
Q

orexigenic neurons

A

release neuropeptide Y and cause and INCREASE in appetite

61
Q

muscles in the GI tracts

A

muscles are unitary smooth muscle

- electrically coupled gap junctions allows cell-to-cell spread of action potentials that provide smooth contractions

62
Q

peristalsis (motility)

A

circular and longitudinal muscle

63
Q

circular muscle

A

contracts and results in shortening of a ring of smooth muscle
- decreases diameter of that segment

64
Q

longitudinal muscle

A

contracts and results in shortening

  • decreases the length of that segment
    ex. think of a catipillar moving
65
Q

steps of peristalsis

A
  1. contraction of circular muscles behind the food mass
  2. contraction of longitudinal muscles ahead of food mass
  3. contraction of circular muscle layer forces food mass forward

Anatomy and Physiology (6 decks)

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