Exam 2 Definitions Flashcards
Biodiversity
variety of species and life in the world or a particular ecosystem
Umbrella species
protected species that indirectly protects the many other species in the habitat
Linnean shortfall
discrepancy between formally described species and the number of species that actually exist
Ecosystem diversity
variation in ecosystems
Instrumental value
value biodiversity has to benefit people
Intrinsic value
the value of biodiversity simply because it exists
Species richness
number of different kinds of species in the area
Species evenness
measure of the relative abundance of each species in an area
1900 Lacey Act
prevented poaching over state lines
1966 Endangered Species Preservation Act
promoted protection of animal and plant life, but no fines were enforced
1969 Endangered Species Conservation Act
list of global endangered species was created, fines and jail time were enforced for people who harmed animals on this list
1973 CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species)
global agreement governing trade in species signed by 175 parties
1973 Endangered Species Act (ESA)
allows protection for all species and their habitats, gives joint authority to the Fish & Wildlife Service and NOAA
Endangered
any species in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range
Threatened
any species likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future
Critical habitat
specific geographic areas with physical and biological features essential to the conservation of a listed species
Listing
identifying species for possible designation as “endangered” or “threatened”
Candidate species
species that warrant listing, but are precluded by higher workload priorities are placed on a candidate species list
What are passive factors in soil?
parent material, topography, and time
What are dynamic factors in soil?
climate, biology, and human activities
What are the layers of soil?
O, A, B, C
Erosion
detachment, entrainment, transport, and deposition of soil
Agriculture
planned growing of crops, organized tending of livestock
Shifting cultivation
families move into an area and plant their crops until they’ve used up the land, then moving to new farmland and continuously rotating out usable land
Nomadic herding
constantly moving to areas where there is food for livestock
Traditional intensive agriculture
selling crops and livestock at local markets
Plantation
the corporation-led growth of a monocrop which is often exported
Industrialized
big corporations that grow only one crop (monocrop) that often gets exported overseas
Norman Bourlog
plant scientist that studied wheat and made a short, sturdy hybrid wheat crop
Declining agrobiodiversity
reduced genetic diversity increases risk of blight, pest outbreaks, or other pathogens
Food waste
nearly 40% of food produced in the US is wasted
