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Environmental Science > Environmental History > Flashcards

Environmental History Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Period of First Significant Use

A

when humans began to appear in certain areas and significantly use natural resources

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2
Q

What is the most common type of land present day?

A

seminatural

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3
Q

Myth of Superabundance

A

resources are inexhaustible

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4
Q

What was the worldview regarding natural resources?

A

nature is intended for humans to use and exploit

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5
Q

Why did European settlers colonize the east coast in 1800?

A

they couldn’t cross the Appalachian trail

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6
Q

What were three major effects of timber cutting?

A

deforestation, soil erosion, biodiversity loss

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7
Q

How did hunting in the frontier era affect the bison population?

A

it dropped the bison population from approximately 15,000,000 to 3,000 (1865-1885)

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8
Q

Why was the frontier closed?

A

Resources were depleted, superabundance was proved to be a myth

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9
Q

Which law encouraged people to move west in the 1800s?

A

the Mining Act of 1872

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10
Q

What were the two dominant ideas of the Progressive Movement?

A

conservation and preservation

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11
Q

Who headed the conservationist movement?

A

Gifford Pinchot

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12
Q

Who headed the preservationist movement?

A

John Muir

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13
Q

What was Gifford Pinchot’s motivation for being a conservationist?

A

making a sustainable way of sourcing lumber

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14
Q

What was John Muir’s motivation for being a preservationist?

A

he believed that nature was a gift from God, and it could not be used and destroyed

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15
Q

What were the two primary conservation legislation documents?

A

Forest Reserves (1891) and the Forest Service Act (1897)

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16
Q

What were the two primary Acts for preservation legislation?

A

Antiquities Act (1906) and National Park Service Organic Act (1916)

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17
Q

What is the significance of the Pitman-Robertson Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act of 1937?

A

it prevented wholesale hunting

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18
Q

What is conservation?

A

maximizing use of natural resources without completely diminishing their supply for the future

19
Q

What is preservation?

A

protecting natural resources by restricting their use for human consumption

20
Q

Civilian Conservation Corps

A

Roosevelt needed to give young men jobs, so he hired them to build trails in national parks

21
Q

Tennessee Valley Authority (1933)

A

nearby rivers were used to benefit people, dams were built for flood control and electricity. In turn, this made electricity very cheap

22
Q

Taylor Grazing Act (1934)

A

in order to prevent overexploitation, farmers were required to rotate out their grazing lands

23
Q

Soil Conservation Service (1935)

A

organization that works with farmers in order to preserve soil

24
Q

Poison Fog in Donora, PA 1948

A

an inversion layer trapped PA’s pollution which resulted in many deaths by suffocation

25
Q

Santa Barbara Oil Spill 1969

A

major oil leak led to oil washing up on beaches and killing wildlife

26
Q

Cuyahoga River Fire 1969

A

pollution in the water caused the river to catch fire

27
Q

Death of Lake Erie

A

algae growth due to fertilizer lead to eutrophication, which killed aquatic wildlife

28
Q

Love Canal Toxic Waste Spill 1977

A

fumes seeped up through people’s houses because the housing plot was built over a toxic waste dump

29
Q

What was the legacy of the baby boomers?

A

consumer rights, civil rights, women’s movement, and the antiwar movement

30
Q

Wilderness Act (1964)

A

protected areas of wilderness where people were not permitted to inhabit

31
Q

Land and Water Conservation Act (1964)

A

user fees were used to expand recreational and conservation areas

32
Q

NEPA (1970)

A

National Environmental Protection Act

33
Q

CAA (1970)

A

Clean Air Act

34
Q

FWPCA (1972)

A

Clean water act

35
Q

ESA (1973)

A

Endangered Species Act

36
Q

RCRA (1976)

A

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act; chemical use and regulation

37
Q

CERCLA or Superfund (1980)

A

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act; created as a direct result of Love Canal

38
Q

SARA (1986)

A

Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act

39
Q

What was the major outcome of the Wise Use Movement (1980-1988)?

A

governmental regulation on usage of natural resources

40
Q

What were the three major natural resources regulated during the period of Ecosystem Management (1988-2000)?

A

water, public lands, and forests

41
Q

Cites (1973)

A

reduced trade in endangered species

42
Q

Montreal Protocol (1987)

A

protect ozone layer

43
Q

Kyoto Protocol (1997, 2005)

A

limit greenhouse gases

44
Q

Paris Climate Agreement (1995)

A

limit global warming to 2 degrees celsius

Environmental Science (2 decks)

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