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Population & Society > Exam #2 (dance guide) > Flashcards

Exam #2 (dance guide) Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What were the primary causes of death during major historic periods?

A

Smallpox, syphilis, plague

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2
Q

When did mortality rates start to decline substantially in MDRs? What were the primary factors that contributed to the MDR mortality decline?

A 
Public/Private: 
- health care
- sewage disposal
- pasteurization of milk
Economic Growth (industrial revolution)
- rising standards of living
- improved nutrition
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3
Q

A representation of the cholera epidemic of the 19th century depicts the spread of the disease in the form of poisonous air?

A

Miasma Theory

- replaced by germ theory of disease in 1870’s

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4
Q

How does the LDR mortality differ from the MDR mortality decline in terms of timing, speed and important contributing factors?

A 
Medicine
- vaccinations
- new drugs
- oral rehydration therapy 
Public Health Initiatives
- **removal of disease carrying insects/rodents**
- water sewage improvements
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5
Q

Approximate life expectancy in major regions of the world?

A 
Sub-Saharan Africa - 53.7
India - 67
China - 75
Asia as a whole - 72
Latin America/Caribbean - 74
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6
Q

Where do sex differentials in child/infant mortality still exist in the world today?

A

Female infant mortality only higher than male in China and India

  • no biological cause
  • due to female neglect in some countries
  • females get less nutrition and medical care
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7
Q

How does the U.S. fare in terms of infant mortality?

A

higher rate of premature births due to pregnancies of teenagers and women above 35 yrs old

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8
Q

What is the difference between lifespan, life expectancy, and a crude death rate?

A

Lifespan
- oldest age to which human beings can survive

Life Expectancy
- average number of years a newborn can live, computed by the average age of death of a birth group

Crude Death Rate
- number of deaths that have occurred in a given period of time compared to the population of those at risk of death

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9
Q

What piece of information is needed to construct a life table?

A

Cohort Life Table:

  • follows a group of individuals from birth to death to record their actual mortality experiences
  • useful for epidemiological/medical applications
  • less useful for demographers

Period Life Table:
- based on hypothetical groups using age specific mortality rates from a given year

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10
Q

Why is life expectancy a better measure of mortality than the crude death rate?

A
  • provides a single measure of mortality

- translates mortality risk down to the individual level

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11
Q

What is the difference between incidence and prevalence?

A

Incidence:
- new case

Prevalence:
- existing/old case

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12
Q

How do you calculate an infant mortality rate?

A

deaths (0-11 months) / (live births)*100

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13
Q

Why is infant mortality an important measure to demographers?

A
  • large effect on life expectancy
  • index of general medical and public health conditions
  • close link between IMR and high fertility
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14
Q

What are the theories of why we die?

A

Senescence: physical condition of the body declines and person becomes more susceptible to disease.

Two theories:
Programmed theories – we age by design
Damage/error theories – we age because we experience wear and tear on our bodies

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15
Q

How do they explain variation in life expectancy between and within species?

A
  • Aging follows a biological timetable so the number of repeats in a telomere determines maximum life span of a cell
  • Humans wear out due to stresses/strains of constant use
  • Environmental factors may accelerate the aging process
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16
Q

How do Olshansky and Vaupel differ in their view of future life expectancy?

A

Limited: A glass ceiling on life expectancy (Olshansky) Unlimited: No inherent limits to life expectancy (Vaupel)

17
Q

In what areas do Olshansky and Vaupel agree about the future of life expectancy?

A

Accurately predicting life expectancy is extremely important

18
Q

Who is Aubrey De Gray and what is his argument?

A

Dr. who believes that humans can live forever by reducing the unnecessary intake of toxins

19
Q

What is calorie restriction?

A

increasinf lifespan by maintaining necessary nutrition while reducing the intake of unnecessary calories

20
Q

What geographic regions and demographic groups have been hardest hit?

A

Botswana, South Africa

Blacks

21
Q

What are the factors that contributed to a higher prevalence of the disease in sub-Saharan Africa?

A
  • global HIV/AIDS prevalence rate = 0.8%

- close to 70% of all AIDS cases are in South Africa

22
Q

Which demographic groups and geographic areas have been most affect by the epidemic in the U.S.?

A
  • 1.2 million with HIV - 1:5 are unaware
  • most common among gay men
  • common among minorities (mainly blacks)
  • Washington D.C. largely effected
23
Q

How do we measure obesity and what are some problems with that measure?

A

Body Mass Index (BMI):

  • adults weight in kilograms divided by the square of his or her hight in meters
  • calculates purely weight, does not include muscle
24
Q

In which region of the U.S. is the prevalence of obesity highest?

A
  • obesity most prevalent in south
  • no state has prevalence less than 20%
  • Mississippi has highest obesity
  • Colorado has lowest obesity
25
Q

How is the U.S. environment obesogenic (causing obesity)?

A
  • high level of junk food advertisements
  • high portion sizes
  • too much use of technology
  • too little physical activity
  • healthy foods more expensive than junk
  • low awareness about junk food health dangers
26
Q

What are the government efforts to combat obesity?

A
  • Michelle Obama aims to encourage fitness/exercise as a part of daily living
  • new USDA guidelines for school meals
    (Diane Sawyer interview - “school lunch rebellion”)
  • reduce soda sizes and put calories on fast food menus
    (NY Mayor Bloomberg)

government money that is spent on healthcare ends up being wasted due to obesity health problems

27
Q

What are social determinants of health?

A
  • unnatural causes (PBS series)
  • conditions that people are born, grow, live, work, and age
  • circumstances are shaped by the distribution of money, power, and resources at global, national, and local levels
28
Q

What is the difference between the threshold model of poverty and the social gradient in health?

A

Threshold Model of Poverty:
- health differences disappear above a certain income level, however this has been shown to be inaccurate

Social Gradient in Health:
- social gradient in mortality across job positions is linked to differences in hierarchy

29
Q

What are the differences in life expectancy between major educational groups and racial/ethnic groups in the U.S. today and how have these patterns been changing over time?

A

Blacks:

  • tend to have lower education level, and therefore a lower life expectancy
  • tend to have higher mortality and poorer health
  • most studies suggest that adjusting for SES reduces but doesn’t eliminate racial differences in health

Possibly caused by:

  • chronic exposure to discrimination and racism
  • massive rates of incarceration
30
Q

What is the “SES as a fundamental cause” explanation for social disparities? Know some examples of evidence to support this theory. What are some causal mechanisms through which SES might affect health?

A
  • social Causation
  • spurious relationships
  • direct effects
  • indirect effects
31
Q

What do we mean by “drift” or “selection” with regard to the SES-health link?

A

Drift:
- Loss of job and wealth due to poor health
(downward mobility)

Selection:
- poor health may limit wealth accumulation in the first place
(prevent upward mobility)

32
Q

What is the Hispanic health paradox in the U.S. and how might we explain it?

A

Hispanics tend to have lower levels of SES, yet often have better health outcomes

  • Cultural/social buffering effects: living with family and being very close knit rather than living alone
  • Migration effects:
  • Data artifacts:
33
Q

What are the factors that contribute to population aging?

A

Increased Longevity: elderly keep getting older

Declining Fertility: less babies = less young people

34
Q

Which regions of the world are aging fastest? How does aging differ in MDCs and LDCs?

A

Oldest: Japan, Germany, Italy

LDR’s have less time to adapt

35
Q

What are the major economic, political, and social consequences to aging?

A

elderly consume more than they produce

36
Q

Describe the U.S. Social Security System – why is it threatened and what are the major suggestions as to how to fix it?

A

Pay as you go - youth are taxed to support parents generation, but increased longevity means that elderly collect social security benefits far longer than originally intended

Solutions:
Increase taxes, increase retirement age, change benefits

37
Q

What is Medicare?

A

Federal program established in 1965 to provide free or heavily subsidized health care to all persons aged 65 and over and to younger individuals with disabilities

  • With mortality declines in recent decades, federal expenditures have increased dramatically.
38
Q

In what ways has aging affected children?

A
  • reduction in upward career mobility

Population & Society (3 decks)

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