Exam 2 - Dairy

Question 1

changes in the dairy industry
- cow production
- herd size
- herd numbers
- geographic location

Answer 1

• technology to reduce human labor, housing to make feeding/monitoring easier, unlimited feed, mechanization to reduce cost
  -repro is AI, estrus synchronization, timed insemination
• herd size/# decreased w/ technology
• CA, WI, ID, NY, PA

Question 2

tie stalls housing
adv:

disadv:

Answer 2

adv: comfortable for people, traditional, good restrain, small dairies

disadv: high restraint, labor intestive, hard to ventilate, high cost/cow

Question 3

dry lot housing
adv:

disadv:

Answer 3

adv: freedom, good footing, low cost

disadv: more weather exposure, inclement weather big deal, high pathogens, dusty

Question 4

free stall housing
adv:

disadv:

Answer 4

adv: movement, freedom, feed access

disadv: concrete (hard on feet, slippery), injury –> lameness

Question 5

best type of bedding material for cows

Answer 5

sand
- few bacteria, reduced mastitis, drains water to keep cows dry, comfortable, cool in the summer
- $$$$$$$$

Question 6

best type of bedding material for calves

Answer 6

straw or sawdust
- keeps warm, reduces pathogens

Question 7

calf housing

Answer 7

individual = outside hutches, reduce transmission of pathogens, good ventilation

group = large facilities, more socialization , ad-lib feeding to maintain hygienic liquid feed

Question 8

newborn calf

Answer 8

critical life stage
nursing, milk fed, usually orphan rearing (reduces disease)

Question 9

preweaning

problems within days 1-3
day 3 - 3 weeks
>3 weeks

Answer 9

8 weeks
begin to eat solid food - pellets/grain based to promote early rumen development

dystocia
enteric disease
respiratory disease

Question 10

heifer rearing

what mo and weight are they bred

Answer 10

weaning to breeding
immunity, forage feed, bred 13-15 mo at 65% mature weight

Question 11

how do the concerns change for pre-calving to calving

Answer 11

pre-calving - special diet to decrease metabolic problems, high E for lactation
calving - dystocia main concern

Question 12

fresh cow

Answer 12

cow recently calved

Question 13

transition cows

what are their health concers?

Answer 13

1-2 week before and after calving

mastitis, metritis, pneumonia & hypocalcemia/milf fever, ketosis, fatty liver

increased metabolic dz risk due to negative energy balance

Question 14

lactation diet and length

Answer 14

high protein
305 day lactation, 60 days dry
13.5 month lactation

Question 15

“days open”
what does this determine

Answer 15

nonpregnant/days to conception
determines the length of lactation
if an open cow remains after many AI’s, bull breed it with clean up bulls

Question 16

dry cow length
far-off dry cow
close-up dry cow
maternity cow

Answer 16

no lactation, 60 days
60-14 days prepartum
14 days prepartum
few days prepartum

Question 17

when is peak lactation

Answer 17

day 60

Question 18

gestation

Answer 18

280 days

Question 19

dairy product that demand has increased consistently in recent years

Answer 19

cheese

Question 20

milk producers are _____

Answer 20

price takers

Question 21

trend in dairies

Answer 21

large fewer diaries
less cows but increased milk production per cow and less methane and waste

Question 22

What economic factors promote the trend of increasing dairy herd size?

Answer 22

full use of resouces
technology
engineering economics (price of equipment does not increase proportionally with size)
specialized resouces
input prices (discounts for buying in milk)
management (improve efficiency of labor force)

Question 23

key technological changes

Answer 23

computer monitoring & record keeping
milk monitors
electronic animal ID
AI bull selection based on daughter performance

Question 24

most common operations

Answer 24

large coventional
very small conventional and grazing

Question 25

what operation makes most RHA milk production

Answer 25

conventional

Question 26

trends in whole milk, 2%, 1%, skim, ice cream, cheese , yogurt

Answer 26

whole milk decreased
2%, 1%, skim, yogurt increased then decreased
ice cream decreased
cheese increased

Question 27

advantages of dairy housing

Answer 27

more efficient use of land (harvesting > grazing)
minimizes parasites, toxins, environmental risks
decrease heat/cold stress, damage
improves animal management (calving, breeding, feeding)

Question 28

data components

Answer 28

cow information
production
reproduction
health events

Question 29

measurements

Answer 29

animal movement, rumen sensons, milk monitoring, reproductive hormones, genomic selection

Question 30

what is the result of new technologies on labor needs

Answer 30

decreases labor needed

Question 31

heifers have ____ peak milk but are _____ persistent through lactation compared to cows

Answer 31

lower
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