Exam 2 - Dairy Flashcards
changes in the dairy industry
- cow production
- herd size
- herd numbers
- geographic location
- technology to reduce human labor, housing to make feeding/monitoring easier, unlimited feed, mechanization to reduce cost
-repro is AI, estrus synchronization, timed insemination - herd size/# decreased w/ technology
- CA, WI, ID, NY, PA
tie stalls housing
adv:
disadv:
adv: comfortable for people, traditional, good restrain, small dairies
disadv: high restraint, labor intestive, hard to ventilate, high cost/cow
dry lot housing
adv:
disadv:
adv: freedom, good footing, low cost
disadv: more weather exposure, inclement weather big deal, high pathogens, dusty
free stall housing
adv:
disadv:
adv: movement, freedom, feed access
disadv: concrete (hard on feet, slippery), injury –> lameness
best type of bedding material for cows
sand
- few bacteria, reduced mastitis, drains water to keep cows dry, comfortable, cool in the summer
- $$$$$$$$
best type of bedding material for calves
straw or sawdust
- keeps warm, reduces pathogens
calf housing
individual = outside hutches, reduce transmission of pathogens, good ventilation
group = large facilities, more socialization , ad-lib feeding to maintain hygienic liquid feed
newborn calf
critical life stage
nursing, milk fed, usually orphan rearing (reduces disease)
preweaning
problems within days 1-3
day 3 - 3 weeks
>3 weeks
8 weeks
begin to eat solid food - pellets/grain based to promote early rumen development
dystocia
enteric disease
respiratory disease
heifer rearing
what mo and weight are they bred
weaning to breeding
immunity, forage feed, bred 13-15 mo at 65% mature weight
how do the concerns change for pre-calving to calving
pre-calving - special diet to decrease metabolic problems, high E for lactation
calving - dystocia main concern
fresh cow
cow recently calved
transition cows
what are their health concers?
1-2 week before and after calving
mastitis, metritis, pneumonia & hypocalcemia/milf fever, ketosis, fatty liver
increased metabolic dz risk due to negative energy balance
lactation diet and length
high protein
305 day lactation, 60 days dry
13.5 month lactation
“days open”
what does this determine
nonpregnant/days to conception
determines the length of lactation
if an open cow remains after many AI’s, bull breed it with clean up bulls
dry cow length
far-off dry cow
close-up dry cow
maternity cow
no lactation, 60 days
60-14 days prepartum
14 days prepartum
few days prepartum
when is peak lactation
day 60
gestation
280 days
dairy product that demand has increased consistently in recent years
cheese
milk producers are _____
price takers
trend in dairies
large fewer diaries
less cows but increased milk production per cow and less methane and waste
What economic factors promote the trend of increasing dairy herd size?
full use of resouces
technology
engineering economics (price of equipment does not increase proportionally with size)
specialized resouces
input prices (discounts for buying in milk)
management (improve efficiency of labor force)
key technological changes
computer monitoring & record keeping
milk monitors
electronic animal ID
AI bull selection based on daughter performance
most common operations
large coventional
very small conventional and grazing
what operation makes most RHA milk production
conventional
trends in whole milk, 2%, 1%, skim, ice cream, cheese , yogurt
whole milk decreased
2%, 1%, skim, yogurt increased then decreased
ice cream decreased
cheese increased
advantages of dairy housing
more efficient use of land (harvesting > grazing)
minimizes parasites, toxins, environmental risks
decrease heat/cold stress, damage
improves animal management (calving, breeding, feeding)
data components
cow information
production
reproduction
health events
measurements
animal movement, rumen sensons, milk monitoring, reproductive hormones, genomic selection
what is the result of new technologies on labor needs
decreases labor needed
heifers have ____ peak milk but are _____ persistent through lactation compared to cows
lower
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