Exam 2 COPY

Question 1

A

Answer 1

Dorsal Root Ganglion

Question 2

B

Answer 2

Quadriceps

Question 3

C

Answer 3

Hamstring

Question 4

D

Answer 4

Sensory

Question 5

Identify the types of neurons involved in the leg withdraw reflex

Answer 5

Motor Neuron
Excitatory Interneuron
Inhibitory Interneuron

Question 6

A (Sudden Spike in Blood Pressure)

Answer 6

Nucleus Tractus Solitarius (NTS)

Question 7

B (Sudden Spike in Blood Pressure)

Answer 7

Carotid Sinus

Question 8

C (Sudden Spike in Blood Pressure)

Answer 8

Aortic Arch

Question 9

D (Sudden Spike in Blood Pressure)

Answer 9

Parasympathetic Ganglion

Question 10

E (Sudden Spike in Blood Pressure)

Answer 10

X (Roman Numeral 10)

Question 11

F (Sudden Spike in Blood Pressure)

Answer 11

IX (Roman Numeral 9)

Question 12

A (Sudden Drop in Blood Pressure)

Answer 12

Nucleus Tractus Solitarius (NTS)

Question 13

B (Sudden Drop in Blood Pressure)

Answer 13

IML

Question 14

C (Sudden Drop on Blood Pressure)

Answer 14

Sympathetic Ganglion

Question 15

D (Sudden Drop in Blood Pressure)

Answer 15

Carotid Sinus

Question 16

E (Sudden Drop in Blood Pressure)

Answer 16

Aortic Arch

Question 17

F (Sudden Drop in Blood Pressure)

Answer 17

X (Roman Numeral 10)

Question 18

G (Sudden Drop in Blood Pressure)

Answer 18

IX (Roman Numeral 9)

Question 19

A

Answer 19

Myosin Head

Question 20

B

Answer 20

Myosin

Question 21

C

Answer 21

Tropomyosin

Question 22

D

Answer 22

Actin

Question 23

E

Answer 23

Troponin

Question 24

F

Answer 24

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Question 25

A

Answer 25

Ca Ion

Question 26

B

Answer 26

Myosin Head

Question 27

C

Answer 27

Myosin

Question 28

D

Answer 28

Actin

Question 29

E

Answer 29

Calmodulin

Question 30

F

Answer 30

MLCK

Question 31

G

Answer 31

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Question 32

A

Answer 32

DCC Receptor

Question 33

B

Answer 33

Commissural Axion

Question 34

C

Answer 34

Netrin

Question 35

D

Answer 35

Floor Plate

Question 36

E

Answer 36

Slit

Question 37

F

Answer 37

Robo Receptor

Question 38

When the membrane receptor (a) _____________ on the (b) __________________ axon is stimulated by the guidance molecule (c) _____________, it promotes axon progression towards the midline.

Answer 38

a) DCC b) Commissural c) Netrin

Question 39

Therefore, the axon is attracted to the (c) molecule that is secreted by (d) __________________ cells, setting up a concentration gradient.

Answer 39

Floor Plate

Question 40

The cells from (d) also secrete a secondary molecule called (e) ____________, which can repulse axons

Answer 40

Slit

Question 41

When the (b) axons get to (d), they start expressing the membrane receptor (f) ______________, that is activated by molecule (e).

Answer 41

Robo

Question 42

When actively expressed (f) receptors have two effects: 5a. (f) receptors represses the (a) _____________ receptors, making the growth cone less sensitive to (c) _____________. 5b. (f) receptors make the growth cone repulsed by (e) _____________, Collectively causing the axon to cross the midline and ascend on the other side of the spinal cord.

Answer 42

a) DCC c) Netrin e) slit

Question 43

RESULT: As a result of all these molecular interactions, the axons are first ______________ to the floor plate (______________ chemotaxis), and then ______________ by it (______________ chemotaxis).

Answer 43

1) attracted 2) positive 3) repelled 4) negative

Question 44

An action potential propagates across the _____________ and down the ____________, which triggers the release of the ion _______ into the sarcoplasm through special calcium channels on the _____________.

Answer 44

1) Sarcolemma 2) T-tubules 3) Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Question 45

At high ________ levels, Ca2+ binds to ___________.

Answer 45

1) Ca ion 2) Troponin

Question 46

____________ is physically moved aside and the binding site becomes exposed

Answer 46

Tropomyosin

Question 47

The ____________ attach to the binding site, forming a ____________.

Answer 47

1) Myosin Head 2) Cross Bridge

Question 48

In the presence of __________, the myosin head pulls the actin filament.

Answer 48

ATP

Question 49

END RESULT: The _____________ is shortened and the skeletal muscle contracts.

Answer 49

Sarcomere

Question 50

Following an action potential, ______ enters through voltage-gated ______ channels, which (1b) eventually leads to release of internal Ca2+ stores from the _______________ reticulum

Answer 50

1) Ca Ion 2) Ca Ion 3) Sarcoplasmic

Question 51

When Ca2+ levels rise, Ca2+ binds to __________, creating a ________/__________ complex

Answer 51

1) calmodulin 2) Ca Ion 3) calmodulin

Question 52

This complex activates an enzyme __________

Answer 52

MLCK

Question 53

that phosphorylates the __________. This process of _________________ makes the myosin heads more likely to bind to adjacent ________ filaments

Answer 53

1) myosin head 2) phosphorylation 3) actin

Question 54

_____________ sense increased blood pressure, causing them to trigger action potentials at a _________ than normal rate

Answer 54

1) Baroreceptors 2) Higher

Question 55

Information is transmitted from the baroreceptors in the ___________ (via cranial nerve: ___________) and the aortic arch (via cranial nerve: ___________ ) to a region of the dorsal medulla called the ____________________

Answer 55

1) Carotid Sinus 2) Glossopharyngeal n IX 3) NTS

Question 56

When blood pressure is too high, NTS activates the ________________ system (and inhibits the ______________).

Answer 56

1) Parasympathetic 2) Sympathetic

Question 57

Parasympathetic _______________ neurons synapse with postganglionic neurons (in the parasympathetic __________). Postganglionic neurons project to the _____________, and release the neurotransmitter _______________.

Answer 57

1) preganglionic 2) ganglion 3) SA node 4) Acetylcholine

Question 58

END RESULT : a(n) ____________ in heart rate.

Answer 58

decrease

Question 59

_____________ sense decreased blood pressure, causing them to trigger action potentials at a _________ than normal rate.

Answer 59

1) Baroreceptors 2) lower

Question 60

Information is transmitted from the baroreceptors in the ___________ (via cranial nerve: ___________) and the aortic arch (via cranial nerve: ___________ ) to a region of the dorsal medulla called the ___________________.

Answer 60

1) carotid sinus 2) n IX 3) n X 4) NTS

Question 61

When blood pressure is too low, NTS activates the ________________ system (and inhibits the ______________).

Answer 61

1) Sympathetic 2) parasympathetic

Question 62

A signal is sent from the NTS to the _____________ in the spinal cord.

Answer 62

IML

Question 63

Sympathetic _______________ neurons synapse with postganglionic neurons (in the sympathetic __________). Postganglionic neurons project to the _________________, and release the neurotransmitter _______________.

Answer 63

1) pre-ganglionic 2) ganglion 3) SA node 4) nor-epinephrine

Question 64

After a drop in blood pressure, NTS will also activate the ______________ pathway to the blood vessels.

Answer 64

Sympathetic

Question 65

Postganglionic neurons release the neurotransmitter _________________, which here promotes vasoconstriction of the blood vessels, which results in an ____________ in blood pressure.

Answer 65

1) nor-epinephrine 2) increase

Question 66

END RESULT : a(n) ____________ in heart rate.

Answer 66

increase

Question 67

You just stepped on a tack - OUCH! A signal about this activates mechanoreceptive axons (of ___________) that innervate the foot, which project to the deep layers of the spinal cord’s dorsal horn via the ___________________ (a).

Answer 67

1) Nociceptors 2) Dorsal root ganglion

Question 68

There, the sensory axons synapse on excitatory _______________ (e) that then project to _______________ (f) neurons in the ventral horn.

Answer 68

1) Interneuron 2) Motor

Question 69

These neurons in the ventral horn that received an excitatory signal innervate the _______________ (c) muscles, which flex your leg and pull your foot away from the pain source

Answer 69

hamstring

Question 70

The incoming sensory axon branches and also synapses on inhibitory _______________ (d) that project to additional _______________ (f) neurons in the ventral horn.

Answer 70

1) Interneurons 2) Motor

Question 71

These neurons that received an inhibitory signal innervate the _____________(b) muscles, inhibiting contraction of the leg extensors

Answer 71

quadracep

Question 72

END RESULT : Strong stimulation of the foot triggers ____________ of the leg flexors and ____________ of the leg extensors.

Answer 72

1) Excitatory Interneurons 2) Inhibitory Interneurons

Question 73

Name the two regions of the brain where adult neurogenesis has been documented in mammals

Answer 73

Olfactory bulb and Hippocampus

Question 74

Using the diagram below, label the major layers beneath the scalp in place to protect the brain from injury, including the specific meningeal layers.

Answer 74

1. Periosteum 2. Skull 3. Dura Mater 4. Arachnoid barrier (which also includes the subarachnoid space) 5. Pia Mater

Question 75

A protein that regulates the migration of young cortical neurons along the radial processes of radial cells and signals them to disembark

Answer 75

Reelin

Question 76

Experimentally interfering with signaling (ie, very low levels of this molecule) prevents medulla + spinal cord from forming

Answer 76

Retinoic acid

Question 77

At high levels of expression of this protein, cells leave the cell cycle and begin neurogenesis

Answer 77

Delta-1

Question 78

In a developing spinal cord, this protein causes cells to adopt a more ventral cell fate

Answer 78

Sonic Hedgehog (SHH)

Question 79

If you artificially increase levels of this protein, you would end up with an abnormally large brain

Answer 79

B-catenin

Question 80

The myofibrils of skeletal muscles are striped because they contain a highly regular arrangement of molecules: thin (a) ________ filaments and thick (b) ________ filaments, that repeat every 2-3μm. Each repeating unit is called a (c) ____________

Answer 80

a) actin b) myosin c) sarcomere

Question 81

Pupillary constriction is modulated by which division of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 81

Parasympathetic division

Question 82

I’m a small star-shaped glial cell that multiplies in response to brain injury, migrates to the site of injury, secretes inflammatory molecules, and engulfs cellular debris

Answer 82

Microglia

Question 83

I am primarily responsible for setting our circadian and seasonal rhythms. I receive projections from retinal ganglion cells that express melanopsin and have an inhibitory connection with the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus

Answer 83

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question 84

I graduated from medical school in Italy when Mussolini published his "Manifesto per la Difesa della Razza", which banned of all non-Aryans from having academic careers. So, I set up a secret lab in my bedroom. I found that if I removed the leg from an embryonic chicken and replaced it with a sarcoma, the sarcoma actually rescued many limb motor neurons from death. This was the first evidence of a trophic factor.

Answer 84

Rita Levi-Montalcini

Question 85

I form from aggregates of misfolded Aβ proteins that form in the spaces between nerve cells and am prevalent in the brain of Alzheimer’s disease patients.

Answer 85

Amyloid plaques

Question 86

I’m a type of non-striated muscle that is spindle-shaped. I’m found in the walls of internal organs and blood vessels and am associated with involuntary movement.

Answer 86

Smooth muscle

Question 87

I am found in the medulla and my axon is known as a climbing fiber, which wraps around the Purkinje cell dendrites. I convey error signals to the cerebellum to facilitate motor learning

Answer 87

Inferior Olive

Question 88

Place the following events of neural development in order following fertilization, with 1 being the first event in the process. chordin and BMP direct formation of neural tissue and skin tissue formation of neural plate formation of neural tube blastocyst formation of neural groove

Answer 88

2 chordin and BMP direct formation of neural tissue and skin tissue 3 formation of neural plate 5 formation of neural tube 1 blastocyst 4 formation of neural groove

Question 89

Sympathetic preganglionic neurons are in a column between the dorsal and ventral horns, called the ____________

Answer 89

Intermediolateral column (IML)

Question 90

They exit the spinal cord through the ventral roots of the spinal nerve and terminate in the (a) ____________. There, they release the neurotransmitter (b) ____________

Answer 90

2a. sympathetic ganglion 2b. acetylcholine

Question 91

This neurotransmitter is released onto the dendrites of the ________________

Answer 91

postganglionic neurons

Question 92

These neurons then innervate the smooth muscle surrounding blood vessels and release the neurotransmitter ________________.

Answer 92

norepinephrine

Question 93

Describe the major steps in the process of chemical transmission at the neuromuscular junction. Be sure to include the different voltage & ligand gated channels, correct neurotransmitter, & the ions involved!

Answer 93

Step 1: Action potential arrives at axon terminal Step 2: Voltage gated Ca2+ channels open and Ca2+ enters the axon terminal Step 3: Ca2+ entry causes synaptic vesicles to move to the presynaptic membrane and release acetylcholine via exocytosis Step 4: Acetylcholine diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to the ligand-gated ion channels on the post-synaptic membrane Step 5: Binding of ACh opens channels, resulting in Na+ entry and depolarization (EPP) Step 6: Action potential then propagates along Sarcolemma Step 7: Reduction of neurotransmitter levels, terminating the signal (via reuptake by the presynaptic neuron, enzymatic degradation (acetylcholinesterase) and diffusion)

Question 94

Name TWO WAYS in which chemical transmission at the neuromuscular junction differs from a normal chemical synapse.

Answer 94

DIFFERENCE 1`: At the normal adult neuromuscular junction, the ion influx almost always triggers a postynaptic action potential. It is very reliable, unlike other synapses. DIFFERENCE 2: is that we call this depolarization the End Plate Potential (EPP). EPP NOT an action potential, but can depolarize the membrane of the postsynaptic cell and initiate an action potential. The end-plate potential looks and behaves much like EPSPs in nerve cells and is sufficient to trigger an action potential and subsequent contraction of the muscle

Question 95

Put the following events in order following an action potential, resulting in contraction of smooth muscle by writing numbers 1-7 on the line:

Answer 95

4 The myosin heads are phosphorylated 1 Ca2+ enters through voltage-gated Ca2+ channels and is released from internal stores from sarcoplasmic reticulum 5 Myosin heads are now more likely to bind to adjacent actin filaments 2 Ca2+ binds to calmodulin, creating a Ca2+/calmodulin complex 3 The enzyme MLCK is activated 6 The muscle contracts

Question 96

Consider the leg withdrawal reflex after stepping on a sharp object with your left foot. In this reflex circuit, name the muscle that is excited (contracted) and the one that is inhibited (relaxed) in the same leg?

Answer 96

The leg withdrawal reflex contracts the leg flexors (hamstring) and inhibits the leg extensors (quads)

Question 97

Imagine you have a sudden spike in blood pressure. Answer the following question by circling or highlighting the correct options related to regulation of heart rate when your blood pressure gets too high

Answer 97

Baroreceptors sense increased blood pressure 2. Causing them to trigger action potentials at a higher than normal rate 3. This Information is transmitted from the carotid sinus via the glossopharyngeal (nIX) nerve and the aortic arch via the vagus (nX) 4. To the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) 5. This structure then activates the parasympathetic system and inhibits the (circle one) sympathetic 6. Postganglionic neurons project to the SA Node 7. And release acetylcholine 8. This results in a decrease in heart rate

Question 98

Define what is meant by “Excitotoxicity” and explain how astrocytes help to minimize this.

Answer 98

Excitotoxicity: Excessive stimulation of neurons (e.g. by glutamate) that leads to excessive neural firing and, in some cases, cell death. Some types of astrocytes possess potassium channels that allows K+ to flow INTO the cell rather than out of it, which allows astrocytes to take up excess potassium (e.g. potassium buffering). This keeps K+ concentrations lower in extracellular space, which allows K+ will flow out of a recently depolarized neuron (e.g. repolarization). This process helps to get the cell get back to its resting membrane potential. Thus, by taking up excess K, astrocytes help prevent a neuron dying of excitotoxicity

Question 99

How would you explain the difference between “red meat” and “white meat” to someone who has never taken a biology class before? Name two key characteristics that we can associate with dark vs. light meat. Answers can include characteristics related to twitch speed, speed/strength of contraction, and where they derive their energy

Answer 99

Muscle fibers vary in their myoglobin content. Because myoglobin is red, you can visibly see muscle that has a lot of myoglobin. Can have stated any two of the following: “Dark Meat” - muscles that contain a high density of myoglobin * Primarily slow twitch fibers * More myoglobin means wean ferry more oxygen to the muscle, so this muscle type can stay contracted for longer (ie, fatigue resistance) * Slow contractions, more force * Large, strong muscles (e.g. leg muscles) * derives most of its ATP from oxidative phosphorylation “White Meat” – muscle that contains little myoglobin * Primarily fast twitch fibers * Fast contractions, less force * Less oxygen means they can't stay contracted as long * Small muscles (e.g. eye muscles, vocal cords) * Derives most of its ATP from glycolysis

Question 100

Name the three germ layers of a developing gastrula. Of these three, which is fated to become nervous system?

Answer 100

Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm - The ectoderm develops mainly into the epidermis (skin) and nervous system.

Question 101

If I were to add semaphorin to the upper right corner of a petri dish (at the star in the figure below), creating a concentration gradient, describe the way that a developing axon might grow after 60 minutes

Answer 101

Semaphorin is a protein that tends to repel growing axons by causing the filopodia of their growth cones to collapse. Therefore, after 60 minutes, the axon would grow down the concentration gradient (negative chemotaxis) towards the bottom left corner.

Question 102

Describe the pathway from nuclei in the hypothalamus, resulting in the release of vasopressin into the bloodstream (be specific about neuron types, hypothalamic nuclei, hormone storage, and location of capillary bed). Name two ways in which this differs from the pathway from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary

Answer 102

1. Magnocellular hypothalamic neurons in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei synthesize vasopressin 2. Hormones are packaged into vesicles & transported down the magnocellular axons to the posterior pituitary 3. Vasopressin is stored in the axon terminals in the posterior pituitary 4. When associated hypothalamic neurons fire, action potentials arriving at the axon terminals cause vasopressin to be released into the blood into the capillary bed in the posterior pituitary Differences (could be any two of the following) * Parvocellular neurons in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei * Anterior pituitary uses releasing hormones o Releasing hormones: synthesized in parvocellular neurons, released into upper capillary bed o Pituitary hormones: synthesized in pituitary cells in anterior pituitary; released into lower capillary bed * 2 capillary beds: one in upper and lower anterior pituitary * Pituitary Hormones released: GH, ACTH, LH, FSH, or TSH

Question 103

The axons of a commissural neuron in the spinal cord grow ventrally at first because they are attracted to (a) _____________, but then cross over to the other side of the floor plate and start to ascend the other side because they are repulsed by (b) ___________.

Answer 103

(a) netrin (b) slit

Question 104

Name the structure to the left of this neuron’s cell body

Answer 104

It is a neuron’s growth cone (ie the tip of a growing axon), regularly extending and retracting slender protrusions called filopodia. Either growth cone or filopodia would have been an acceptable answer here.

Question 105

What do you call an afferent neuron (free nerve ending) preferentially sensitive to noxious stimuli?

Answer 105

Nociceptor

Question 106

Purkinje Cells Receives Input From

Answer 106

1. Granule cells 2. Inferior olive/climbing fibers

Question 107

Granule Cells Receives Input From

Answer 107

Precerebellar nuclei

Question 108

Purkinje Cells Sends info to / Target(s)

Answer 108

1. Vestibular complex 2. Deep cerebellar nuclei

Question 109

Granule Cells Sends info to / Target(s)

Answer 109

Purkinje cells

Question 110

The brain is protected from blood-borne threats by three major barriers, each formed by tight junctions between specific types of cells. Name the barriers and the cell types for each.

Answer 110

(1) Blood brain Barrier: barrier to the flow of large hydrophilic molecules from the blood into the brain. Formed by tight junctions between endothelial cells. (2) Blood-CSF Barrier: barrier to the flow of large hydrophilic molecules from the blood into the cerebrospinal fluid. Formed by tight junctions between epithelial cells. (3) Arachnoid Barrier: A very thin layer of cells between the subarachnoid space and the veins or sinuses, formed by tight junctions between its arachnoid cells

Question 111

Of the three muscle types we discussed, which one contracts the slowest?

Answer 111

Smooth muscle (contracts 300-500 times slower than skeletal muscle)

Question 112

Name two parts of the body that are dramatically over-represented in the motor cortex, as reflected in Penfield’s motor homunculus.

Answer 112

There are a few different acceptable options here. You could have said any of the following: * Hands * Fingers * Face * Tongue

Question 113

Which of the following contains baroreceptors that are responsible for detecting blood pressure changes in the blood vessels? a. Nucleus Tractus Solitarius (NTS) b. Carotid Sinus c. SA node d. IML

Answer 113

Answer: B carotid sinus

Question 114

The Vestibulo-ocular reflex helps minimize _________________ .

Answer 114

Retinal Image Slipping

Question 115

If retinoic acid (RA) is artificially increased, what would most likely be the outcome for the embryo? A: The embryo would most likely develop with no forebrain. B: The embryonic brain region's fate will become more caudal. C: Both A and B D: None of the above

Answer 115

C. Both A and B

Question 116

There are three major axes that pass through the anterior pituitary gland. Which major axis matches correctly with its purpose? a. Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal, reproduction b. Hypothalamic pituitary gonadal, metabolism c. Hypothalamic pituitary thyroid, stress d. Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal, stress

Answer 116

d

Question 117

In your neurobiology class, you learned about different muscle fibers and their roles in the human body. What would happen if you, for some reason, decided to switch the type of muscles in your eyes with their "opposite"?

Answer 117

A and D

Question 118

Which of the following is true about smoth muscle A) they are organized in sarcomeres B) they have intercalated discs C) they control actin-myosin binding by calcium-calmodulin-activated phosphorylation of the myosin heads D) they can't fire action potentials

Answer 118

c

Question 119

What is the main function of having a leaky section on the blood brain barrier ?

Answer 119

Allows lymphocytes in, incase of an attack

Question 120

What is the section of the brain found within the hypothalamus that is responsible for setting pituitary hormone levels and for setting the circadian rhythm?

Answer 120

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question 121

Which binds netrin? a)BMP b) ROBO receptor c)SLIT d) DCC receptor

Answer 121

The answer is DCC

Question 122

What is the “default” cell fate of ectodermal tissue in early embryonic development?

Answer 122

Rostral Nervous System Tissue

Question 123

Which of the following is NOT true of the parasympathetic nervous system? A. Connects all up and down the spinal cord B. Increases intestinal and gland activity C. Has very little branching D. Conserves energy

Answer 123

A. Connects all up and down the spinal cord

Question 124

In the process of neurulation which forms first?

Answer 124

neural plate

Question 125

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is primarily secreted by

Answer 125

choroid plexus cells

Question 126

When ___ is released the heart rate is going to increase, and when ____ is released heart rate is going to slow down.

Answer 126

norepinephrine, acetylcholine

Question 127

Which type of muscle below BEST fits this description? This muscle is striated, cylindrical in shape, bundled into fascicles, there are multiple nuclei per muscle fiber, and they are striated. A. Smooth Muscle B. Cardiac Muscle C. Skeletal Muscle D. None of the above

Answer 127

C

Question 128

Which of the following accurately describes the adrenergic receptors? A) Adrenergic receptors are G-proteins that bind to epinephrine. Alpha-adrenergic constricts the smooth muscle cells surrounding blood vessels causing the Blood pressure to Increase. B) Adrenergic receptors are metabotropic receptors that bind to norepinephrine. Beta-adrenergic causes the relaxation of the smooth muscle cells surrounding blood vessels causing a decrease in blood pressure C)Adrenegeric receptors are G-proteins that bind to epinephrine. Alpha-adrenergic relaxes the smooth muscle cells surrounding the blood vessels causing a decrease in blood pressure D) Adrenegeric receptors are metabotropic receptors that bind to norepinephrine. Beta-adrenergic causes the smooth muscle cells surrounding the blood vessels to constrict which causes an increase in blood pressure.

Answer 128

Adrenergic receptors are metabotropic receptors that bind to norepinephrine. Beta-adrenergic causes the relaxation of the smooth muscle cells surrounding blood vessels, causing a decrease in blood pressure.

Question 129

What would be the effect of no sonic hedgehog being released during embryonic development?

Answer 129

Development of sensory neurons

Question 130

What is the fate of the neural crest?

Answer 130

Some parts of the peripheral Nervous system

Question 131

Which of these repels growing axons by causing filopodia of the growth cones to collapse? A) Netrin B) Semaphorin C) DCC D) Slit

Answer 131

Semaphorin

Question 132

What type of synapse occurs between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber and what type of synapse is it?

Answer 132

neuromuscular junction and chemical synapse

Question 133

Which of the following is TRUE of the types of specialized glial cells? a. Microglia are the smallest glial cells in the Central Nervous System. Microglia help protect the brain by removing debris and helping control damage to the brain. b. Astroglia are medium-sized glial cells in the Peripheral Nervous System. Astroglia’s function is to form myelin around the axons of neurons in the brain. c. Oligodendrocytes are glial cells present in the Peripheral Nervous system. They are asymmetrical and their function is to help provide nutrition and support to the neuronal cells. d. Schwann cells are star-shaped cells in charge of the removal of waste and toxins from the Central Nervous System.

Answer 133

Microglia are the smallest glial cells in the Central Nervous System. Microglia help protect the brain by removing debris and helping control damage to the brain.

Question 134

_____ is the tissue of the brain (excluding ependymal cells and blood vessels).

Answer 134

parenchyma

Question 135

An increase in retinoic acid concentrations in an a human embryo primarily stunts growth in what CNS region?

Answer 135

Forebrain

Question 136

After receiving a noxious stimulus, during a leg withdrawal reflex, what neuron(s) in the spinal cord is the signal NOT passed through?

Answer 136

Sensory Neuron

Question 137

Which neurotransmitter is responsible for the increase in heart rate in response to low blood pressure?

Answer 137

Norepinephrine

Question 138

What is the thin membrane of glial cells lining the ventricles of the brain and the central canal?

Answer 138

Ependyma

Question 139

The parasympathetic nervous system controls what?

Answer 139

Pupillary constriction

Question 140

In response to stress, your pituitary hormone releases adrenocorticotropic-stimulating hormone (ACTH). Activation of what axis causes this release of ACTH?

Answer 140

HPA

Question 141

Which of the following is a task of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-thyroid (HPT)?

Answer 141

Regulates metabolism

Question 142

How many segments is our spinal cord and brain subdivided into?

Answer 142

31:3

Question 143

Which muscle type lines the walls of the intestines, bladder, blood vessels, and bronchial passageways?

Answer 143

Smooth muscle

Question 144

If the Bone Morphogenic Protein (BMP) approaches the _______, it will be _______ by chordin and turn the Ectoderm into the Future nervous system.

Answer 144

Dorsal Blastopore Lip, Inactivated

Question 145

Which pituitary hormone(s) are released from the Hypothalamic-Pituitary Gonadal (HPG)?

Answer 145

Luteinizing hormone (LH) and Follicle-Stimulation hormone (FSH)

Question 146

When information is sent from the baroreceptors by cranial nerve: _____ and cranial nerve: ______ to the region of NTS. What are the two cranial nerves?

Answer 146

nX, nIX

Question 147

Which is FALSE regarding Alzheimer's disease? A. Neurofibrillary tangles form from misfolded Tau proteins B. Misfolded Aβ proteins aggregate C. Decreased expression of cytokines, chemokines and microglia around amyloid plaques D. Neurons with plaques commit apoptosis

Answer 147

C. Decreased expression of cytokines, chemokines and microglia around amyloid plaques

Question 148

What type of cell can turn into neural tissue?

Answer 148

Ectoderm

Question 149

Refer to the provided image about the Arachnoid Barrier and its functions. Based on the details of the arachnoid Barrier: This diagram shows the Arachnoid Barrier's relation to CSF flow, including arterial blood movement through endothelial cells and tight junctions. It also depicts the collection of CSF from the ventricles and its transport through arachnoid cells into venous blood. Which of the following statements is FALSE about the CSF and the arachnoid barrier? A) CSF is primarily collected from the ventricles and then gathers in the Subarachnoid space. B) The arachnoid barrier is composed of a dense layer of cells separating the ventricles from the subarachnoid space. C) Within the arachnoid barrier, the CSF is transported to veins using giant vacuoles which float through the arachnoid cells and then release their contents. D) Tight junctions primarily exist between the cells of the blood-brain barrier and not in the arachnoid barrier.

Answer 149

B) The arachnoid barrier is composed of a dense layer of cells separating the ventricles from the subarachnoid space.

Question 150

What are the four pituitary gland hormones?

Answer 150

1.) Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) stimulating hormone 2.) Luteinizing hormone (LH) 3.) Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) 4.) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Question 151

What is the Blood CSF Barrier formed by?

Answer 151

A. Tight junctions between epithelial cells in the choroid plexus

Question 152

What hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?

Answer 152

Growth hormone

Question 153

What does the Circle of Willis in the brain do to help with cerebral blood flow?

Answer 153

links major arteries feeding the brain and minimizes potential brain damage

Question 154

What lies in the paired cerebral hemispheres?

Answer 154

Lateral ventricles

Question 155

In dorsoventral patterning, neurons that ____ their axons to muscles lie ______ and neurons that _____ input from sensory nerves are located______.

Answer 155

Send, Ventrally; receive, dorsally

Question 156

What part of the motor cortex has relatively direct projections to motor neurons in the medulla and spinal cord?

Answer 156

Primary motor cortex

Question 157

Which glia is present in the PNS?

Answer 157

Schwann cells

Question 158

what molecule obstructs the myosin binding site on an actin filament when a muscle is relaxed.

Answer 158

Tropomyosin

Question 159

What is not true about reflexes?

Answer 159

They are immutable

Question 160

What type of gland secretes its contents (hormones) into the blood?

Answer 160

Endocrine

Question 161

A (alpha) Fibers

Answer 161

Carry information from proprioceptive receptors in muscles and tendons

Question 162

A (bravo) Fiber

Answer 162

Carry information from the mechanoreceptors in the skin on pressure and vibration

Question 163

A (delta) Fibers

Answer 163

Carry information about pain and temperature

Question 164

C Fibers

Answer 164

Carry information about pain, temperature, and itch

Question 165

A (alpha) Fibers

Answer 165

* Thickest axons (13-20 μm) * Myelinated

Question 166

A (bravo) Fibers

Answer 166

* Thick axons (6-12 μm) * Myelinated

Question 167

A (delta) Fibers

Answer 167

* Thin axons (1-5 μm) * Myelinated

Question 168

C Fibers

Answer 168

* Thinnest axons (0.2-1.5 μm) * Unmyelinated axons

Question 169

Both diameter and myelination critically increase __________ of action potential propagation

Answer 169

speed

Question 170

_________ (thickest, myelinated) Conduction speed: 80-120 m/s

Answer 170

A (alpha) Fibers

Question 171

_________(thick, myelinated) Conduction speed: 35-75 m/s

Answer 171

A (bravo) Fibers

Question 172

_________ (thin, myelinated) Conduction speed: 5-30 m/s

Answer 172

A (delta) Fibers

Question 173

_________ (thinnest, unmyelinated) Conduction speed: 0.5-2 m/s

Answer 173

C Fibers

Question 174

Spinal Cord

Answer 174

a long, thin tubular structure that comprises part of the central nervous system

Question 175

Spinal Nerve

Answer 175

a mixed nerve, which carries motor, sensory, and autonomic signals between the spinal cord and the body

Question 176

Doral Root

Answer 176

A bundle of axons that enters a segment of the spinal cord dorsally and consists mainly of sensory axons

Question 177

Ventral Root

Answer 177

A bundle of axons that exits a segment of the spinal cord ventrally and consists mainly of motor axons

Question 178

Dorsal root ganglion

Answer 178

A small swelling in each dorsal root that contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons (afferent)

Question 179

Cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglia do not have dendrites and give rise to just ________

Answer 179

one axon

Question 180

pseudounipolar

Answer 180

Neuron with a single process emerging from the cell body, which splits into two major branches

Question 181

99.8% of the cell’s cytoplasm is in the _______

Answer 181

axon

Question 182

Dorsal horn

Answer 182

a region at the back of the spinal column that receives input from mechanoreceptors in the skin

Question 183

_______________ fiber tract ascends to the caudal medulla and terminates in the Dorsal column nuclei (DCN)

Answer 183

Dorsal column

Question 184

One branch terminates in the ___________ of the grey matter, close to where the fibers enters the spinal cord

Answer 184

dorsal horn

Question 185

Trigeminal nerve

Answer 185

The fifth cranial nerve (nV) that contains somatosensory axons coming from the face

Question 186

Aβ fibers in the trigeminal nerve project to the _________________ of the trigeminal nerve, which is located in the caudal pons (hindbrain)

Answer 186

principle nucleus

Question 187

Somatotopic Organization

Answer 187

Organized in such a way that adjacent parts of the body (usually the skin) are represented at adjacent locations in the brain

Question 188

Ascending projections are ______________ organized

Answer 188

Topographically

Question 189

Primary somatosensory cortex (S1)

Answer 189

A thin strip of cortex that receives input from the dorsal thalamus

Question 190

Homunculus

Answer 190

a drawing of a “little man” that is a map-like representation of regions of the body in the brain

Question 191

Somatosensory homunculus

Answer 191

A drawing of a “little man”, showing the degree to which a part of the body is over- or underrepresented in the somatosensory cortex

Question 192

The overrepresented regions (e.g. _______& _________) are areas of high touch acuity

Answer 192

hands; face

Question 193

Barrel Cortex

Answer 193

A part of the rodent’s primary somatosensory cortex (S1) that represents the whiskers

Question 194

Exact ____________ of position of whiskers

Answer 194

replica

Question 195

Lateral inhibition

Answer 195

The process by which neighboring neurons inhibit each other

Question 196

Contact between an object and our skin activates S1 in a ___________ pattern that reflects the objects shape

Answer 196

spatial

Question 197

Neuronal rewiring is very common after brain injury and tends to help restore __________________

Answer 197

behavioral function

Question 198

The degree to which the occipital cortex responds to somatosensory stimuli depends on the ________________ at which the person became blind

Answer 198

age

Question 199

Loss of input from the hand causes extensive “______________” in somatosensory cortex

Answer 199

Remapping

Question 200

Phantom Limb

Answer 200

A pain felt in the region of the body that is no longer there (eg, due to amputation) or is no longer innervated by sensory axons (eg, due to spinal cord injury)

Question 201

Somatosensory inputs from the face are ____________ to the cortical region used to process info from the arm or leg lost

Answer 201

rerouted

Question 202

Thermoreceptor

Answer 202

a sensory receptor that signals information about changes in skin temperature

Question 203

cold fibers

Answer 203

a sensory nerve fiber that fires when skin temp decreases

Question 204

warmth fibers

Answer 204

a sensory nerve fiber that fires when skin temp increases

Question 205

Actual temperature is encoded by comparing __________________ of warmth and cold receptors and that of nociceptors.

Answer 205

relative contribution

Question 206

Thermally-sensitive transient receptor potential (ThermoTRP) channels

Answer 206

temperature-sensitive ion channels found in sensory neurons

Question 207

TRP channels are activated over a specific _________ of temperatures

Answer 207

range

Question 208

Thermoreceptors fire when we make contact with an object that is ____________________ than our skin

Answer 208

warmer or colder

Question 209

Nociception

Answer 209

The neural process of encoding and processing noxious stimuli

Question 210

Noxious stimuli

Answer 210

Damages or threatens to damage tissue (mechanical, thermal, or chemical)

Question 211

Nociceptor

Answer 211

Afferent neuron preferentially sensitive to noxious stimuli

Question 212

Nociceptors have ___________________ that respond to various types of tissue damage or to stimuli that has the potential to damage tissue

Answer 212

five nerve endings

Question 213

Thermoreceptive and nociceptive axons enter at the __________ of the spinal cord

Answer 213

dorsal horn

Question 214

Substantia gelatinosa

Answer 214

a dorsal region of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, where nociceptive axons terminate

Question 215

Spinothalamic tract

Answer 215

route from the spinal cord to the brain that carries information about skin temperature & nociceptive signals *Terminates in dorsal thalamus, midbrain and medulla

Question 216

Conscious perception of painful stimuli occurs in the ______________ Cortex

Answer 216

somatosensory

Question 217

Axons of the spinothalamic tract will synapse with relay nuclei in the hindbrain and midbrain and converge in the ______________ nucleus of the dorsal thalamus

Answer 217

ventral posterior

Question 218

Congenital insensitivity to pain (CIP)

Answer 218

a condition that inhibits the ability to feel physical pain

Question 219

Analgesia

Answer 219

decreasing pain sensation during conscious experience

Question 220

Exogenous opioids

Answer 220

chemical compounds related to opium and are NOT produced by the organism’s own body (e.g. morphine, heroin)

Question 221

Endogenous opioids

Answer 221

chemical compounds that are related to opium and are produced by the organism’s own body (eg. endorphin)

Question 222

_________ bind to G-protein coupled opioid receptors

Answer 222

Opiods

Question 223

Neurons that express the activated opioid receptors become much less excitable (______________)

Answer 223

hyperpolarized

Question 224

Opioid receptors are located in many nociceptive axons that terminate in the __________________

Answer 224

substantia gelatinosa

Question 225

If the signal fails to reach the higher levels of the brain, then pain is not _______________

Answer 225

perceived

Question 226

placebo

Answer 226

decreasing pain sensitization when people think they’re taking an analgesic drug, but aren’t

Question 227

Activating touch sensitive axons (AB fibers) excite inhibitory neurons in the spinal cord that _________ the ability of nociceptive axons to transmit signals to higher brain regions

Answer 227

reduce

Question 228

Gate control theory

Answer 228

a description of the pain-transmitting system that incorporates modulating signals from the brain

Question 229

Can deliver weak __________________ to a patch of skin close to the site of the chronic pain

Answer 229

electrical current

Question 230

hypersensitivity

Answer 230

an increased or heightened response to a normally painful stimulus

Question 231

What cranial nerve carries sensory information from the face, sinuses, and teeth?

Answer 231

Trigeminal

Question 232

Responses to continuous stimulations can include both slaw and rapid adaptation. Mechanoreceptors that are slow adapting (SA) fibers include _____ and _____, while rapid adapting (RA) fibers include _____ and _____

Answer 232

Merkel Disks; Ruffini endings; Meissner corpuscles; Pacinian corpuscles

Question 233

What is the term for an individual's inability to process visual information in their left visual world when an object is present in their right visual world?

Answer 233

neglect

Question 234

Which semicircular canal senses the angular motion of nodding your head "yes"?

Answer 234

Anterior semicircular canal

Question 235

The vibration of the _____ activates the haircells

Answer 235

Basilar membrane

Question 236

If a patient experienced damage to their arcuate fasciculus, what problems would they likely experience?

Answer 236

Inability to repear sentences the patient has heard (Conduction aphasia)

Question 237

Your two friends Becky and Sam are arguing over hair cells (as one does). Becky is convinced that hair cells are neurons, but Sam vehemently disagrees, They ask you to settle this once and for all. Who do you side with and why?

Answer 237

You side with Sam because hair cells do not generate action potentials and do not have axons.

Question 238

Describe Ames Room

Answer 238

A room that creates a forced perspective by angling both the ceiling and floor to trick your eye into thinking both sides of the room are the same.

Question 239

If a person is able to see everything except the current object of attention, they may have what condition?

Answer 239

Balint syndrome

Question 240

What causes the release of glutamate in the auditory system.

Answer 240

Due to the pressure wave traveling up and down the scala vestibuli and scala tympani, moving the scala media up and down. This deflection pulls the tip links that open the mechanically gated K+ channels allowing for K+ to rush into the cell depolarizing it and this depolarization opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels that cause the ribbon synapse to release glutamate.

Question 241

Which receptor would best respond if you where to stretch at the gym?

Answer 241

Ruffini endings

Question 242

Which carries information about pain and temperature

Answer 242

A (delta) Fibers

Question 243

Patients with Broca;s aphasia have the inability or difficulty to _____, whereas in whenicke's aphasia patients have the inability to _____.

Answer 243

produce articulate speech; comprehend speech

Question 244

You and your friend are stuck in standstill traffic on a long road trip. Since you're in the passenger seat you decide to close your eyes and try to get some sleep. However, as soon as you do, the traffic miraculously clears up and you get the sensation of the car accelerating forward. You notice this sensation due to which vestibular component?

Answer 244

Utricular Macula

Question 245

Which of the following is FALSE in regard to the left and right cochlea and their pathways to the lateral superior olive? A. Lateral superior olive neurons are sensitive to interaural level differences. B. The lateral superior olive receives excitatory projections from the ipsilateral cochlear nucleus and inhibitory input from the contralateral cochlear nucleus. C. When the excitation is stronger than the inhibition, neurons in the lateral superior olive will increase in their firing rate. D. When the inhibition is stronger than the excitation, neurons in the lateral superior olive will increase in their firing rate.

Answer 245

D) When the inhibition is stronger than the excitation, neurons in the lateral superior olive will increase in their firing rate.

Question 246

Which of the following descriptions of the type of nerve fibers that transmit somatosensory information to the brain is INCORRECT? A. A-alpha fibers have the thickest axon diameter, are myelinated, and have the fastest conduction speed. They carry information from proprioceptive receptors that innervate muscles and tendons. B. A-beta fibers have thick axon diameters and are myelinated, with a fast conduction speed. They carry information from mechanoreceptors in the skin that sense touch, pressure, and vibration. C. A-delta fibers have thin axon diameters, are unmyelinated, and have a slow conduction speed. They carry information from free nerve endings that can sense pain, temperature, and itch. D. C-fibers have the thinnest diameter, are unmyelinated, and have the slowest conduction speed. This type carries information that can sense pain, temperature, and itch.

Answer 246

C. A-delta fibers have thin axon diameters, are unmyelinated, and have a slow conduction speed. They carry information from free nerve endings that can sense pain, temperature, and itch.

Question 247

The airway above the larynx used for the production of speech is referred to as what...

Answer 247

Vocal tract

Question 248

What nerve fiber is characterized by its lack of myelination and slow condcution speed?

Answer 248

Node C

Question 249

What is the relationship between sound frequency and the location of maximal basilar membrane vibration?

Answer 249

Low frequency is neer the cochlear apex and high frequecny is near the cochlear base

Question 250

Which type of spatial attention involves the superior colliculus

Answer 250

Involuntary spatial attention

Question 251

What is the name of the thin filament connecting the sterocilium together in the inner ear

Answer 251

Tip links

Question 252

What order does sound wave travel via the cochlea

Answer 252

up the scala vestibula, down the scala tympani

Question 253

What is it called when hearing loss occurs due to defects in the cochlea or auditory nerve

Answer 253

Sensorineural hearing loss

Question 254

Which of these structures is part of the inner ear? A. Pinna B. Tympanic membrane C. Oval Window D. Cochlea

Answer 254

D the cochlea

Question 255

Which receptor is located at the epidermis.dermis border, detect light, and are responsive to sustained pressure and touch

Answer 255

Merkel Disks

Question 256

Which of the following sensory functions is primarily associated with Pacinian corpuscles? a) Detecting changes in head position and linear acceleration b) Sensing light touch and texture on the skin's surface c) Monitoring muscle tension and joint position d) Perceiving vibrations and deep pressure in tissues

Answer 256

d) Perceiving vibrations and deep pressure in tissues

Question 257

_______ is sensitive to the acceleration/deceleration of the head forwards, backward, and sideways, whereas _____ is sensitive to the acceleration,/deceleration of the head upwards, downwards, and effects of gravity.

Answer 257

Utricle; saccule

Question 258

What is the correct order of steps of the triggering of a saccade? A: a light flashes in your visual field B: signal goes to the deep layers of the Superior Colliculus C: visual activity is generated in the superficial layers of the Superior Colliculus D. eye saccade towards the light is triggered

Answer 258

ACBD

Question 259

What is the second tinniest but still myelinated sensory fiber

Answer 259

A (delta) Fiber

Question 260

Touch receptors in the mouth and face project information to which area?

Answer 260

Priciple Trigeminal Nucleus

Question 261

Yikes, there are flies buzzing all around! Which mechanoreceptors are going to respond to a fly landing on your arm and then crawling down to your hand?

Answer 261

Merkel Discs and Meissner Corpuscles

Question 262

Meissner Corpuscles, which respond to frequencies between 3-40hz, specialize in what kind of perception?

Answer 262

Pressure

Question 263

What is one part of the ear that could be damaged in sensorineural hearing loss?

Answer 263

Cochlea

Question 264

Becky always knows her mother has arrived home when she feels the vibrations from her car in the driveway. Which type of mechanoreceptor and adaptive response is Becky experiencing?

Answer 264

Pacinian corpuscle with fast, beginning and ending firings

Question 265

Which nerve fiber type is the fastest?

Answer 265

A (alpha) Fiber

Question 266

Which pairing is incorrect? A. Markel disks - Pressure discrimination B. Ruffini endings- Continuous pressure C. Pacinian corpuscles- light pressure sensors D. Meissner corpuscle- deep pressure sensors

Answer 266

C. Pacinian corpuscles- light pressure sensors

Question 267

Which of the following is false about binocular depth cues? A. The horopter is the location of objects whose images lie on corresponding points. B. An object on the horopter with corresponding retinal points has a binocular disparity of zero. C. The shorter the distance in depth of object from the horopter, the larger the binocular disparity. D. Images of objects fall on corresponding points is they are the same distance from the fovea in both eyes.

Answer 267

C. The shorter the distance in depth of object from the horopter, the larger the binocular disparity.

Question 268

Your Brother decided to branch-out with his talents & recently took-up the Drums after hearing TNT by AC/DC as his Baseball Walk-up Song. Although you feel like your Ear Drums are going to burst, you support him hoping he'll be a professional in either one day - to give him a leg-up at his lessons, you explain to him which Cortices are responsible for how he perceives speech & music:

Answer 268

Primary Auditory Cortex (A1) identifies fundamental elements of music like pitch & loudness, Belt Area (A2) is involved in processing Rhythm as well as a difference/anomaly in Melody, & Parabelt Area (A3) is involved in processing Rhythm

Question 269

What information is represented laterally in the DCN?

Answer 269

Arms and Upper trunk

Question 270

our cat gently brushes against your arm, and it gives you a slight tickling sensation. What structure-- found only in not glabrous skin-- is the reason for this phenomenon?

Answer 270

Root hair plexus', which detect the motion of hair cells

Question 271

Which vestibular structure is responsible for sensing vertical acceleration?

Answer 271

saccular macula

Question 272

You sat outside without sunscreen for several hours in direct sunlight. Once you got inside, you notice that you feel a sharp pain and then a tingling/chilling sensation once in the shower when water goes over the skin. You get out of the shower and notice that your shoulders and chest are very bright red and starting to blister. A few days later you till get a throbbing/ tingling sensation if someone toucher the area or if you bump into anything. What is the correct order of events that lead your body to deliver the message that you had injured tissue in responce to the severe sunburn you suffered?

Answer 272

A-delta channels fire, presenting with a sharp pain, letting you know you have sustained an injury. C-fibers fire and deliver the sensation of tingling/throbbing to let you know that you have sustained an injury and will continue to fire until the injury heals. Because your sunburn is so severe, TRP-A1 and TRP-V2 channels fire, causing you to feel chills in the aftermath of the development of the severe sunburn and your shower.

Question 273

How does changing the vocal tract's shape affect speech production?

Answer 273

Alters energy at different frequencies

Question 274

Which perceptions is correlated with Meissner corpuscle receptors?

Answer 274

Pressure

Question 275

Meissner corpuscles perceive...

Answer 275

pressure

Question 276

A-alpha fibers are the ________and so the ________transmitting nerve fiber

Answer 276

thickest, fastest

Question 277

Utricles are sensitive to the head moving __________ (direction), saccules are sensitive to the head moving ________ (direction)

Answer 277

forward/backward/sideways, up/down/gravity

Question 278

Which of the following are true regarding the vestibular system? A: The semicircular canals are located in the inner ear and are used to detect linear motion and tilt. B: The ampulla is the part of the otoliths where transduction of linear motion occurs. C: The otoconia are small stones in the ear which provide inertial mass to sense acceleration. D: There are 3 semicircular canals and 3 otoliths that make up the vestibular labyrinth.

Answer 278

C: The otoconia are small stones in the ear which provide inertial mass to sense acceleration.

Question 279

The 2nd order neuron in the posterior column pathway passes from the:

Answer 279

Medulla to thalamus

Question 280

Which of the following is NOT a monocular depth cue? a. Occlusion b. RelaEve Height c. Convergence d. Texture Gradient e. Aerial PerspecEve

Answer 280

c

Question 281

You are driving, looking ahead. In your peripheral vision, a cyclist suddenly appears. This is _____ aXenEon. a. Overt, voluntary b. Overt, involuntary c. Covert, voluntary d. Covert, involuntary

Answer 281

b

Question 282

Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning the superior colliculus? a. Weak sEmulaEon generates overt shi[s in aXenEon b. Strong sEmulaEon generates covert shi[s in aXenEon c. It is closely linked to involuntary shi[s in visual spaEal aXenEon d. It is involved in compuEng "top down" saliency

Answer 282

c

Question 283

The amplitude of a sound is the: a. amount of sound energy falling on a unit area b. frequency of the sound c. magnitude of displacement of a sound pressure wave d. psychological aspect of sound related to frequency e. pitch

Answer 283

c

Question 284

Which structures are ALL classified as part of the middle ear? a. Pinna, Ear Canal, Tympanic Membrane b. Oval Window, Ossicles, Tympanic Membrane c. Ossicles, Cochlea, Tympanic Membrane d. Ossicles, Ear Canal, Pinna

Answer 284

b

Question 285

If everything except the current object of aXenEon is blocked from conscious percepEon, this would suggest a. Balint Syndrome b. Neglect c. ExEncEon d. Le[ parietal lobe damage

Answer 285

c

Question 286

Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning how sound is transduced? a. The scala media contains perilymph, creaEng an electrical gradient b. Movement of the basilar membrane ulEmately causes hair cells to bend c. Hair cells have voltage-gated K+ channels that open when hair cells deflect d. When the stereocilia are straight Ep links are pulled taught

Answer 286

b

Question 287

Consider the auditory pathway; which structure in the path receives direct informaEon from the superior olives? a. inferior colliculus b. medial geniculate nucleus c. primary auditory cortex d. cochlear nucleus

Answer 287

a

Question 288

Which of the following statements is TRUE when a sound is heard off to your le[? a. The right lateral superior olive is excited by the le[ cochlear nucleus b. The medial superior olive is sensiEve to ILDs, & sends the informaEon on c. ExcitaEon by le[ cochlear nucleus is stronger than inhibiEon from right d. The sound will be loudest to your right ear

Answer 288

a

Question 289

How do we encode sound frequencies? a. The higher the pitch, the more neurotransmiXer that is released b. Sound frequencies are only encoded in the primary auditory cortex c. The lower the frequency, the fewer the # of hair cells are acEvated d. Sound frequencies vibrate at different areas of the basilar membrane

Answer 289

d

Question 290

If someone can produce speech but can't comprehend words, what region of the brain do you predict is impaired? a. Broca's area b. Wernicke's area c. Primary auditory cortex (A1) d. Arcuate fasciculus

Answer 290

b

Question 291

An octave is the a. amplitude of a piece of music b. interval between two sound frequencies having a raEo of 2:1 c. frequency range of a parEcular piece of music d. musical distance between two chords e. absolute frequency difference between two notes in the same interval

Answer 291

b

Question 292

Which five organs make up the vesEbular system? a. One semicircular canal and four otolith organs b. Two semicircular canals and three otolith organs c. Three semicircular canals and two otolith organs d. Two semicircular canals, two otolith organs, and one cochlea

Answer 292

b

Question 293

If you close your eyes and nod your head "yes”, you are experiencing _______, which is registered by your _____. a. angular moEon; otolith organs b. linear moEon; otolith organs c. linear moEon; semicircular canals d. angular moEon; semicircular canals e. Elt; otolith organs

Answer 293

d

Question 294

If, for some unfortunate reason, your utricular maculae was destroyed, what do you predict the impact would be? a. You would struggle to sense gravity b. You would not sense when a car accelerates without visual cues c. Your vesEbulo-ocular reflex would be impaired d. You would not sense when an elevator starts to ascend without visual cues

Answer 294

b

Question 295

The two mechanoreceptors with large recepEve fields (and therefore low touch acuity) are: a. Meissner corpuscles & Pacinian corpuscles b. Pacinian corpuscles & Ruffini endings c. Ruffini endings & Merkel disks d. Merkel disks & Meissner corpuscles

Answer 295

b

Question 296

Which funcEonality would be most affected if you lost your Meissner touch receptors? a. Texture and high-resoluEon paXern percepEon, like for reading Braille b. SensiEvity to stretching the skin to hold an object c. The ability to feel the vibraEons from a car driving by d. The ability to sense cold and warmth of objects touching the skin

Answer 296

a

Question 297

If you stand sEll in one place for awhile without moving, you eventually won't feel the boXom of your feet. This is mostly due to: a. The large recepEve fields of Merkel disks b. The rapid adapEng response of Pacinian corpuscles c. The small recepEve fields of Ruffini endings d. The slow adapEng response of Meissner corpuscles

Answer 297

b

Question 298

Which statement is FALSE concerning touch receptors in the mouth and face? a. They are represented laterally in the dorsal column nucleus b. They project to the principal trigeminal nucleus via the trigeminal nerve c. Info converges with body touch informaEon in the dorsal thalamus d. Info is conveyed to the contralateral primary somatosensory cortex

Answer 298

a

Question 299

You are looking at axon conducEon velocity and can't find any axons that conduct APs faster than 2 m/s. They are likely: a. A-alpha fibers b. A-beta fibers c. A-delta fibers d. C fibers

Answer 299

d

Question 300

Which of the following statements is TRUE about the dorsal root ganglion (DRG)? a. It contains the cell bodies of motor neurons b. The cell bodies within the DRG are pseudounipolar in shape c. Cell bodies in the DRG do not have axons and give rise to just one dendrite d. Sensory axons from the DRG enter the spinal cord ventrally

Answer 300

b

Question 301

Name the region of a rodent’s somatosensory cortex that represents the whiskers.

Answer 301

Barrel cortex

Question 302

A small and rapid movement, most often of the eyes, is called a

Answer 302

Saccade

Question 303

Consider the “bottom up” neural circuits for this: Name any three brain regions that are responsible for controlling this movement.

Answer 303

a. Superior Colliculus b. Saccade Generator region (either midbrain, pontine, or medullary reticular formation) c. Eye muscle motor neurons: (either oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nuclei)

Question 304

I am a region of the medulla where the first convergence of auditory information occurs. Specifically, I am responsible for measuring interaural time differences (ITDs)

Answer 304

Medial superior olive

Question 305

I am a cortical area that lies anterior to the premotor cortex. I play a major role in controlling attention, specifically voluntary shifts in visual spatial attention. In particular, I am critical in helping to determine the location of your next saccade....

Answer 305

Frontal eye fields

Question 306

I am an encapsulated nerve ending located deep in the dermis, among the sub- cutaneous fat. I have a large receptive field and, if you've been standing in one place for a while, you no longer feel sensation on the bottom of your feet because of me. But, when someone jumps nearby, causing vibrations in the floor, I will quickly respond.

Answer 306

Pacinian corpuscle

Question 307

I’m a sensory nerve ending embedded in the tendon that can sense changes in muscle tension. I provide critical information about the force with which a muscle pulls on a tendon. If there’s too much tension, I will inhibit the muscle from creating any force to prevent injury.

Answer 307

Golgi tendon organ

Question 308

I was a Canadian neurosurgeon who was performing brain surgery on patients to try to alleviate epilepsy. Because there are no pain receptors in the brain, I was able electrically stimulate regions of the cortex and ask awake patients where they felt sensations. I used this information to create a map-like representation of regions of the body in the brain.

Answer 308

Wilder Penfield

Question 309

I am a region of the cortex, found directly adjacent (in a concentric ring) to A1. My neurons respond best to more complex characteristics of sounds, including processing rhythm and detecting a difference or anomaly in a melody.

Answer 309

Belt area (A2)

Question 310

Following activation of a hair cell in the cochlea, information is going to travel along the (a) _____ branch of the (b) _____ cranial nerve to the brain.

Answer 310

(a) auditory nerve (or cochlear nerve) (b) vestibulocochlear (nVIII)

Question 311

An opioid binds to a (a) _______ -coupled opioid receptor, which dissociates and activates the enzyme, (b) _______. This enzyme reduces production of the second messenger (c) _______ which causes Ca2+ channels to (d) (choose one) open / close and K+ channels to (e) (choose one) open / close. This change in ion flux causes a membrane (f) _______ when activated by an opioid

Answer 311

(a) g-protein (b) Adenylate cyclase (c) cAMP (d) close (e) open (f) hyperpolarization

Question 312

What is the name for a long cilium that sits next to the tallest stereocilium of a vestibular hair cell?

Answer 312

Kinocilium

Question 313

If you met a patient who could produce speech, but had lost the ability to comprehend it, what region of the brain in the language circuit do you predict has been damaged?

Answer 313

Wernicke’s area

Question 314

1. Fluid inside the scala media is called (a) ___________ which has a (b) ______ concentration of K+ ions 2. Fluid inside surrounding the body of the hair cell is called (a) ___________ which has a (b) ______ concentration of K+ ions

Answer 314

1a. Endolymph 1b. High 2a. Perilymph 2b. Low

Question 315

At high temperatures (43ºC) or when in contact with capsaicin, the _________ channel is activated.

Answer 315

TRP-V1

Question 316

If nociceptors are activated following a sharp cut to your skin, information on the first pain will likely travel to the brain from via (a) ________ fibers along the (b) ____________ tract

Answer 316

a. Ad fibers b. Neospinothalamic tract

Question 317

In a hair cell of the inner ear, what is the name for a type of chemical synapse in which numerous synaptic vesicles are arranged around a central electron dense structure that can tether 100 or more vesicles ready to be released?

Answer 317

Ribbon Synapse

Question 318

Occlusion:

Answer 318

a cue relative to depth order in which one object obstructs the view of part of another object. If an object is closer to you, it will obstruct your view of the object behind it

Question 319

Texture Gradient:

Answer 319

A depth cue based on the geometric fact that items of the same size form smaller images when they are further away. So, our visual system assumes objects of decreasing size are increasingly further away.

Question 320

Relative Height

Answer 320

A depth cue where objects further away will be seen as higher on the image. So, the smaller image of a more distant object will be projected higher in your visual field

Question 321

Aerial Perspective

Answer 321

a depth cue based on our implicit understanding that light is scattered by the atmosphere. More light is scattered when we look through more atmosphere, so objects farther away are subject to more scatter and appear fainter and less distinct

Question 322

Linear Perspective

Answer 322

depth cue based on the fact that lines that are parallel in the 3D world will appear to converge in a 2D image as they extend into the distance towards a vanishing point

Question 323

What is the term for an auditory distance cue based on the sound absorbing qualities of air, which dampen high frequencies more than low frequencies?

Answer 323

Spectral Composition