Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

[OS 201] FINALS > Exam 2 Concepts > Flashcards

Exam 2 Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

components of ATP

A

adenosine (adenine + ribose)

triphosphate moeiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

why is ATP unstable?

A
  1. electrostatic repulsion of components of the ATP molecule
  2. products of ATP hydrolysis are better solvated
  3. there is resonance stabilization of the products of ATP hydrolysis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

pyruvate dehydrogenase complex - function

A

convert pyruvate to acetyl CoA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

pyruvate dehydrogenase - cofactor

A

TPP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

dihydrolipoyl transacetylase - cofactor

A

lipoamide and CoA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase - cofactor

A

NAD and FAD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the central pathway of aerobic metabolism

A

Krebs Cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

products of Krebs cycle

A

3 NADH
1 FADH2
1 GTP

unimportant products: 2CO2, 1QH2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the NADH producing steps of Krebs

A
  1. isocitrate –> alpha-ketoglutarate
  2. alpha-ketoglutarate –> succinyl CoA
  3. malate –> oxaloacetate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the GTP producing step of Krebs

A
  1. succinyl-CoA –> succinate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the FADH2 producing step of Krebs

A
  1. succinate –> fumarate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the total energy liberated per mol of acetyl coa entering krebs

A

3NADH x 2.5 = 7.5
1FADH2 x 1.5 = 1.5
1GTP = 1

total: 10 ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

at what steps is the TCA regulated

A
  1. acetyl coA –> citrate
    catalyzed by citrate synthase
  2. isocitrate –> alpha ketoglutarate
    catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase
  3. alpha ketoglutarate –> succinyl CoA
    catalyzed by alphaketoglutarate dehydrogenase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

effect of fluoroacetate

A

inhibits aconitase (prevents formation of isocitrate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

effect of arsenite

A

inhibits alpha ketoglutarate and pyruvate dehydrogenase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

where is the ETC located

A

mitochondrial matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how the electron carriers in the ETC arranged

A

ascending redox potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the last electron acceptor in ETC

A

oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

ETC - what is complex I

A

NADH-CoQ reductase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

ETC - what is complex II

A

succinate dehydrogenase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

ETC - what is complex III

A

cytochrome C reductase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

ETC - what is complex IV

A

cytochrome C oxidase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

ETC - what coenzymes in complex I

A

FMN, Fe-S

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

ETC - what coenzymes in complex II

A

FAD, Fe-S

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

ETC - what coenzymes in complex III

A

Heme-Fe, Fe-S

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

ETC - what coenzymes in complex IV

A

Heme-Fe, Cu

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

ETC - inhibitors of complex I

A

rotenone, piercidine, amytal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

ETC - inhibitors of complex II

A

antimycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

ETC - inhibitors of comples III

A

CN, CO, H2S

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

where does FADH enter ETC

A

complex II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what does oligomycin inhibit

A

ATP synthase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what does cyanide inhibit

A

Na-K pump

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

effect of uncoupler

A

proton gradient not converted to ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

thermogenin - function & mechanism

A

for brown fat heat generation, uncouples ATP production –> energy is converted to heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

2 shuttles of NADH into mitochondrion

A
  1. glycerophosphate shuttle

2. malate aspartate shuttle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

glycerophosphate shuttle transport results in how many ATP per NADH

A

2 ATP/NADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

malate aspartate shuttle transport results in how many ATP per NADH

A

3 ATP/NADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

effect of valinomycin

A

uncoupler that dissipates proton gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Leigh disease - caused by

A

dysfunction in oxidative phosphorylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

lingual lipase and gastric lipase act upon what bonds in TAG

A

cleaves 3rd ester bond, forming 1,2 diacylglycerol and FFA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

pancreatic lipase acts upon what bonds in TAG

A

cleaves 1st and 3rd ester bonds, forming 2 diacylglycerol and FFA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

other lipid digestion enzymes include

A

phospholipase and cholesterol esterase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

orlistat - what does in inhibit

A

pancreatic lipase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

ezetimbe - what does it inhibit

A

cholesterol absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what lipoprotein has highest protein

A

VLDL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what lipoprotein has highest cholestrol

A

LDL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what lipoprotein has highest TAG

A

chylomicron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what apoprotein is unique to chylomicrons

A

B48

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what apoprotein is unique to LDL

A

B100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what apoprotein is unique to VLDL

A

CII

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

cholesterol ester transfer protein

A

apoprotein D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

CII is a cofactor for:

A

lipoprotein lipase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

AI is a cofactor for:

A

LCAT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

chylomicron - function

A

transport of TAGs from intestine to peripheral tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

LDL - function

A

cholesterol transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

VLDL - function

A

transport of TAG from liver to peripheral tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

what is the insulin dependent glucose transporter

A

GLUT 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

what carbohydrate transporter can also transport fructose

A

GLUT 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

what is the committed step in glycolysis

A

phosphorylation of glucose to G6P

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

what catalyzes the committed step in glycolysis

A

hexokinase or glucokinase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

where is hexokinase found

A

muscle and peripheral tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

where is glucokinase found

A

liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

what has a higher Km? glucokinase or hexokinase

A

glucokinase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

how is hexokinase regulated

A

negative feedback by G6P

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

[T/F] glucokinase is most active when well-fed

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

what happens in the perparatory phase of glycolysis

A

splitting of G6P to DHAP and G3P

DHAP is converted to G3P

2 ATP used

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

what happens in stage 2 of glycolysis

A

energy payoff phase - substrate level phosphorylation to produce ATP

68
Q

irreversible steps of glycolysis

A
  1. glucose –> G6P (catalyzed by hexokinase)
  2. F6P –> F 1,6-BP (catalyzed by phosphofructokinase)
  3. PEP –> pyruvate (catalyzed by pyruvate kinase
69
Q

regulation of the reaction catalyzed by hexokinase is through:

A

negative inhibition by the product G6P

70
Q

regulation of the reaction catalyzed by phosphofructokinase is through:

A

amount of energy present (indicated by ATP/ADP ratio etc)

71
Q

regulation of the reaction catalyzed by pyruvate kinase is through:

A

amount of energy present (indicated by ATP/ADP ratio etc)

72
Q

what are the ATP generating steps in glycolysis

A
  1. 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate –> 3 phosphoglycerate

2. PEP –> pyruvate

73
Q

what converts pyruvate to lactate in the cori cycle

A

lactate dehydrogenase

74
Q

cori cycle -

A

in anaerobic respiration, pyruvate is converted to lactate and transported to the liver, where it is converted back to pyruvate and then undergoes gluconeogenesis

75
Q

how many ATPs produced from 1 glucose in aerobic respiration

A

36 or 38 (depends on the shuttle)

76
Q

how does galactose enter glycolysis

A

galactokinase converts galactose to G1P

phosphoglucomutase converts G1P to G6P

77
Q

how do low levels of fructose enter glycolysis

A

hexokinase converts F6P to G6P

78
Q

how do high levels of fructose enter glycolysis

A

fructokinase converts F6P to F1P

aldolase converts F1P to DHAP and glyceraldehyde (which are both converted to G3P)

79
Q

how does mannose enter glycolysis

A

hexokinase converts mannose to M6P

phosphomannoseisomerase converts M6P to F6P

80
Q

where does gluconeogenesis occur

A

cytosol except for

  1. pyruvate carboxylase (in mitochondria)
  2. glucose-6-phosphatase (ER)
81
Q

reactions involved in gluconeogenesis

A
  1. pyruvate –> OAA (catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase)
  2. OAA –> PEP (catalyzed by PEP carboxylase)
  3. F1,6, BP –> F6P (catalyzed by fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase)
  4. G6P –> glucose (catalyzed by glucose-6-phosphatase
82
Q

why can’t muscle cells release glucose from gluconeogenesis into the bloodstream

A

muscles have no glucose 6 phosphatase

83
Q

requirements of gluconeogenesis

A

4 ATP
2 GTP
2 NADH

84
Q

hexose monophosphate shunt - function

A

formation of reducing equivalents and ribose sugars from glucose

85
Q

PPP - glucose is converted to:

A

ribulose 5P

86
Q

products that link PPP to glycolysis

A

glyceraldehyde 3P

fructose 6P

87
Q

enzymes involved in glycogenesis

A
  1. glycogen synthase

2. branching enzyme

88
Q

enzymes involved in glycogenolysis

A
  1. glycogen phosphorylase
  2. glucanotransferase
  3. 1,6 glucosidase
89
Q

effect of GSK3 on glycogen synthase

A

inactivate

90
Q

effect of PPP1 on glycogen synthase

91
Q

effect of insulin on GSK3

92
Q

effect of high blood glucose on PPP1

93
Q

steps in beta oxidation

A
  1. dehydrogenation
  2. hydration
  3. dehydrogenation
  4. thiolysis
94
Q

steps in fatty acid synthesis

A
  1. condensation
  2. reduction
  3. dehydration
  4. reduction
95
Q

formula for computing ATP from fatty acid

A

(n-1) x 14 + 10 - 2

n = number of cuts

96
Q

where do all the carbons in fat come from

A

acetyl coa

97
Q

responsible for fatty acid synthesis

A

fatty acid synthase

98
Q

responsible fro fatty acid elongation

99
Q

the omega starts from the same end as which other notation

A

N notation

100
Q

cholestrol synthesis occurs in what organ

101
Q

cholesterol synthesis occurs in what cell compartment

A

cytosol and ER

102
Q

immediate precursor of mature cholesterol

103
Q

precursors of TAG synthesis

A
  1. glycerol phosphate

2. fatty acids

104
Q

enzyme in TAG synthesis

105
Q

eicosanoids usually function as:

A

local hormones

106
Q

how are proteins stored

A

there is no storage form, they exist in an “amino acid pool”

107
Q

protein digestion in the stomach through what enzyme

108
Q

where is protein digested

A

stomach and duodenum

109
Q

examples of pancreatic enzymes

A

trypsin
chymotrypsin
elastase
carboxypeptidase

110
Q

what activates trypsinogen

A

enteropeptidase

111
Q

bond specificity - trypsin

A

carbonyl of LYS/ARG

112
Q

bond specificity - chymotrypsin

A

carboxyl of TYR, TRP, PHE, LEU

113
Q

bond specificity - elastase

A

carboxyl of GLY, ALA, SER

114
Q

bond specificity - carboxypeptidase A

A

carboxyl of hydrophobic AA

115
Q

bond spcificity - carboxypeptidase B

A

carboxyl of LYS ARG

116
Q

bond specificity - aminopeptidase

A

N terminal

117
Q

modes of transport of amino acids

A
  1. secondary active transport

2. facilitated diffusion

118
Q

transport of AA - where does secondary active transport occur

A

luminal surface of enterocytes & proximal kidney tubules

119
Q

transport of AA - where does facilitated diffusion occur

A

serosal surface of cells

120
Q

transamination - definition

A

transfer of amino groups from an AA to an alpha ketoacid

121
Q

what amino acids undergo transamination

A

everything except for LYS and THR

122
Q

which is the main acceptor of the transamination reaction

A

alpha ketoglutarate (which becomes glutamate)

123
Q

deamination - goal

A

remove NH4 from glutamate to regenerate alpha ketoglutarate

124
Q

enzyme in deamination

A

glutamate dehydrogenase

125
Q

how is ammonia transported

A
  1. glutamine

2. alanine

126
Q

glutamine is used to transport ammonia from where to where

A

from peripheral tissues to liver

127
Q

alanine is used to transport ammonia from where to where

A

muscles to liver

128
Q

enzyme that synthesizes glutamine

A

glutamine synthetase

129
Q

purpose of the urea cycle

A

detoxify 2 ammonia/cycle

130
Q

urea cycle occurs in what organ

131
Q

urea cycle occurs in what cellular compartment

A

mitochondria and cytosol

132
Q

how does nitrogen enter the urea cycle

A

NH4 and aspartate

133
Q

where does urea get its nitrogens from

134
Q

how is the urea cycle linked to krebs

A

by fumarate

135
Q

partial urea cycles - function

A

synthesize ARG

136
Q

partial urea cycles - location

A

kidney and intestine

137
Q

purely ketogenic amino acids

138
Q

these amino acids are both glucogenic and ketogenic

A

TRP, PHE, TYR, THR, ISO

139
Q

MSUD - what is the problem

A

inability to degrade branched chain amino acids (VAL, LEU, ISO)

140
Q

examples of 1C transporters

A

biotin, THF, SAM

141
Q

precursor of THF

A

folic acids

142
Q

how is SAM linked to THF

A

SAM –> S-adenosyl homocysteine –> homocysteine –> methionine + THF

143
Q

homocysteine –> methionine needs what cofactor

144
Q

propionylCoa –> succinylCoa needs what cofactor

145
Q

essential AAs

A

PVT MAT HILL

146
Q

precursor of serine

A

3 phosphoglycerate

147
Q

precursor of glycine

148
Q

precursor of cysteine

A

serine and methionine

149
Q

precursor of proline

150
Q

precursor of arginine

A

phenylalanine

151
Q

precursor of tyrosine

A

phenylalanine

152
Q

process of creating catecholamines

A

tyrosine –> DOPA –> dopamine –> norepinephrine –> epinephrine

153
Q

precursor of melanin

154
Q

precursor of thyroxine

155
Q

precursor of NAD

A

tryptophan or niacin

156
Q

B1

157
Q

B2

A

riboflavin

158
Q

B3

159
Q

B5

A

pantothenic acid

160
Q

B6

A

pyroxidine

161
Q

B9

A

folic acid

162
Q

B12

A

cyanocobalamin

163
Q

vit C

A

ascorbic acid

164
Q

vit A

165
Q

vit E

A

tocol/tocotrienol

166
Q

vit K

A

menaquinone

[OS 201] FINALS (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions