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[OS 201] FINALS > Exam 2 Concepts > Flashcards

Exam 2 Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

components of ATP

A

adenosine (adenine + ribose)

triphosphate moeiety

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2
Q

why is ATP unstable?

A
  1. electrostatic repulsion of components of the ATP molecule
  2. products of ATP hydrolysis are better solvated
  3. there is resonance stabilization of the products of ATP hydrolysis
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3
Q

pyruvate dehydrogenase complex - function

A

convert pyruvate to acetyl CoA

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4
Q

pyruvate dehydrogenase - cofactor

A

TPP

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5
Q

dihydrolipoyl transacetylase - cofactor

A

lipoamide and CoA

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6
Q

dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase - cofactor

A

NAD and FAD

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7
Q

what is the central pathway of aerobic metabolism

A

Krebs Cycle

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8
Q

products of Krebs cycle

A

3 NADH
1 FADH2
1 GTP

unimportant products: 2CO2, 1QH2

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9
Q

what are the NADH producing steps of Krebs

A
  1. isocitrate –> alpha-ketoglutarate
  2. alpha-ketoglutarate –> succinyl CoA
  3. malate –> oxaloacetate
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10
Q

what is the GTP producing step of Krebs

A
  1. succinyl-CoA –> succinate
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11
Q

what is the FADH2 producing step of Krebs

A
  1. succinate –> fumarate
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12
Q

what is the total energy liberated per mol of acetyl coa entering krebs

A

3NADH x 2.5 = 7.5
1FADH2 x 1.5 = 1.5
1GTP = 1

total: 10 ATP

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13
Q

at what steps is the TCA regulated

A
  1. acetyl coA –> citrate
    catalyzed by citrate synthase
  2. isocitrate –> alpha ketoglutarate
    catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase
  3. alpha ketoglutarate –> succinyl CoA
    catalyzed by alphaketoglutarate dehydrogenase
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14
Q

effect of fluoroacetate

A

inhibits aconitase (prevents formation of isocitrate)

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15
Q

effect of arsenite

A

inhibits alpha ketoglutarate and pyruvate dehydrogenase

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16
Q

where is the ETC located

A

mitochondrial matrix

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17
Q

how the electron carriers in the ETC arranged

A

ascending redox potential

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18
Q

what is the last electron acceptor in ETC

A

oxygen

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19
Q

ETC - what is complex I

A

NADH-CoQ reductase

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20
Q

ETC - what is complex II

A

succinate dehydrogenase

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21
Q

ETC - what is complex III

A

cytochrome C reductase

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22
Q

ETC - what is complex IV

A

cytochrome C oxidase

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23
Q

ETC - what coenzymes in complex I

A

FMN, Fe-S

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24
Q

ETC - what coenzymes in complex II

A

FAD, Fe-S

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25
Q

ETC - what coenzymes in complex III

A

Heme-Fe, Fe-S

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26
Q

ETC - what coenzymes in complex IV

A

Heme-Fe, Cu

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27
Q

ETC - inhibitors of complex I

A

rotenone, piercidine, amytal

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28
Q

ETC - inhibitors of complex II

A

antimycin

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29
Q

ETC - inhibitors of comples III

A

CN, CO, H2S

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30
Q

where does FADH enter ETC

A

complex II

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31
Q

what does oligomycin inhibit

A

ATP synthase

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32
Q

what does cyanide inhibit

A

Na-K pump

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33
Q

effect of uncoupler

A

proton gradient not converted to ATP

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34
Q

thermogenin - function & mechanism

A

for brown fat heat generation, uncouples ATP production –> energy is converted to heat

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35
Q

2 shuttles of NADH into mitochondrion

A
  1. glycerophosphate shuttle

2. malate aspartate shuttle

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36
Q

glycerophosphate shuttle transport results in how many ATP per NADH

A

2 ATP/NADH

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37
Q

malate aspartate shuttle transport results in how many ATP per NADH

A

3 ATP/NADH

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38
Q

effect of valinomycin

A

uncoupler that dissipates proton gradient

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39
Q

Leigh disease - caused by

A

dysfunction in oxidative phosphorylation

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40
Q

lingual lipase and gastric lipase act upon what bonds in TAG

A

cleaves 3rd ester bond, forming 1,2 diacylglycerol and FFA

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41
Q

pancreatic lipase acts upon what bonds in TAG

A

cleaves 1st and 3rd ester bonds, forming 2 diacylglycerol and FFA

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42
Q

other lipid digestion enzymes include

A

phospholipase and cholesterol esterase

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43
Q

orlistat - what does in inhibit

A

pancreatic lipase

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44
Q

ezetimbe - what does it inhibit

A

cholesterol absorption

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45
Q

what lipoprotein has highest protein

A

VLDL

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46
Q

what lipoprotein has highest cholestrol

A

LDL

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47
Q

what lipoprotein has highest TAG

A

chylomicron

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48
Q

what apoprotein is unique to chylomicrons

A

B48

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49
Q

what apoprotein is unique to LDL

A

B100

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50
Q

what apoprotein is unique to VLDL

A

CII

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51
Q

cholesterol ester transfer protein

A

apoprotein D

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52
Q

CII is a cofactor for:

A

lipoprotein lipase

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53
Q

AI is a cofactor for:

A

LCAT

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54
Q

chylomicron - function

A

transport of TAGs from intestine to peripheral tissue

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55
Q

LDL - function

A

cholesterol transport

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56
Q

VLDL - function

A

transport of TAG from liver to peripheral tissue

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57
Q

what is the insulin dependent glucose transporter

A

GLUT 4

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58
Q

what carbohydrate transporter can also transport fructose

A

GLUT 5

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59
Q

what is the committed step in glycolysis

A

phosphorylation of glucose to G6P

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60
Q

what catalyzes the committed step in glycolysis

A

hexokinase or glucokinase

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61
Q

where is hexokinase found

A

muscle and peripheral tissue

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62
Q

where is glucokinase found

A

liver

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63
Q

what has a higher Km? glucokinase or hexokinase

A

glucokinase

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64
Q

how is hexokinase regulated

A

negative feedback by G6P

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65
Q

[T/F] glucokinase is most active when well-fed

A

T

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66
Q

what happens in the perparatory phase of glycolysis

A

splitting of G6P to DHAP and G3P

DHAP is converted to G3P

2 ATP used

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67
Q

what happens in stage 2 of glycolysis

A

energy payoff phase - substrate level phosphorylation to produce ATP

68
Q

irreversible steps of glycolysis

A
  1. glucose –> G6P (catalyzed by hexokinase)
  2. F6P –> F 1,6-BP (catalyzed by phosphofructokinase)
  3. PEP –> pyruvate (catalyzed by pyruvate kinase
69
Q

regulation of the reaction catalyzed by hexokinase is through:

A

negative inhibition by the product G6P

70
Q

regulation of the reaction catalyzed by phosphofructokinase is through:

A

amount of energy present (indicated by ATP/ADP ratio etc)

71
Q

regulation of the reaction catalyzed by pyruvate kinase is through:

A

amount of energy present (indicated by ATP/ADP ratio etc)

72
Q

what are the ATP generating steps in glycolysis

A
  1. 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate –> 3 phosphoglycerate

2. PEP –> pyruvate

73
Q

what converts pyruvate to lactate in the cori cycle

A

lactate dehydrogenase

74
Q

cori cycle -

A

in anaerobic respiration, pyruvate is converted to lactate and transported to the liver, where it is converted back to pyruvate and then undergoes gluconeogenesis

75
Q

how many ATPs produced from 1 glucose in aerobic respiration

A

36 or 38 (depends on the shuttle)

76
Q

how does galactose enter glycolysis

A

galactokinase converts galactose to G1P

phosphoglucomutase converts G1P to G6P

77
Q

how do low levels of fructose enter glycolysis

A

hexokinase converts F6P to G6P

78
Q

how do high levels of fructose enter glycolysis

A

fructokinase converts F6P to F1P

aldolase converts F1P to DHAP and glyceraldehyde (which are both converted to G3P)

79
Q

how does mannose enter glycolysis

A

hexokinase converts mannose to M6P

phosphomannoseisomerase converts M6P to F6P

80
Q

where does gluconeogenesis occur

A

cytosol except for

  1. pyruvate carboxylase (in mitochondria)
  2. glucose-6-phosphatase (ER)
81
Q

reactions involved in gluconeogenesis

A
  1. pyruvate –> OAA (catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase)
  2. OAA –> PEP (catalyzed by PEP carboxylase)
  3. F1,6, BP –> F6P (catalyzed by fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase)
  4. G6P –> glucose (catalyzed by glucose-6-phosphatase
82
Q

why can’t muscle cells release glucose from gluconeogenesis into the bloodstream

A

muscles have no glucose 6 phosphatase

83
Q

requirements of gluconeogenesis

A

4 ATP
2 GTP
2 NADH

84
Q

hexose monophosphate shunt - function

A

formation of reducing equivalents and ribose sugars from glucose

85
Q

PPP - glucose is converted to:

A

ribulose 5P

86
Q

products that link PPP to glycolysis

A

glyceraldehyde 3P

fructose 6P

87
Q

enzymes involved in glycogenesis

A
  1. glycogen synthase

2. branching enzyme

88
Q

enzymes involved in glycogenolysis

A
  1. glycogen phosphorylase
  2. glucanotransferase
  3. 1,6 glucosidase
89
Q

effect of GSK3 on glycogen synthase

A

inactivate

90
Q

effect of PPP1 on glycogen synthase

A

activate

91
Q

effect of insulin on GSK3

A

inhibit

92
Q

effect of high blood glucose on PPP1

A

activate

93
Q

steps in beta oxidation

A
  1. dehydrogenation
  2. hydration
  3. dehydrogenation
  4. thiolysis
94
Q

steps in fatty acid synthesis

A
  1. condensation
  2. reduction
  3. dehydration
  4. reduction
95
Q

formula for computing ATP from fatty acid

A

(n-1) x 14 + 10 - 2

n = number of cuts

96
Q

where do all the carbons in fat come from

A

acetyl coa

97
Q

responsible for fatty acid synthesis

A

fatty acid synthase

98
Q

responsible fro fatty acid elongation

A

elongase

99
Q

the omega starts from the same end as which other notation

A

N notation

100
Q

cholestrol synthesis occurs in what organ

A

liver

101
Q

cholesterol synthesis occurs in what cell compartment

A

cytosol and ER

102
Q

immediate precursor of mature cholesterol

A

squalene

103
Q

precursors of TAG synthesis

A
  1. glycerol phosphate

2. fatty acids

104
Q

enzyme in TAG synthesis

A

GPAT

105
Q

eicosanoids usually function as:

A

local hormones

106
Q

how are proteins stored

A

there is no storage form, they exist in an “amino acid pool”

107
Q

protein digestion in the stomach through what enzyme

A

pepsin

108
Q

where is protein digested

A

stomach and duodenum

109
Q

examples of pancreatic enzymes

A

trypsin
chymotrypsin
elastase
carboxypeptidase

110
Q

what activates trypsinogen

A

enteropeptidase

111
Q

bond specificity - trypsin

A

carbonyl of LYS/ARG

112
Q

bond specificity - chymotrypsin

A

carboxyl of TYR, TRP, PHE, LEU

113
Q

bond specificity - elastase

A

carboxyl of GLY, ALA, SER

114
Q

bond specificity - carboxypeptidase A

A

carboxyl of hydrophobic AA

115
Q

bond spcificity - carboxypeptidase B

A

carboxyl of LYS ARG

116
Q

bond specificity - aminopeptidase

A

N terminal

117
Q

modes of transport of amino acids

A
  1. secondary active transport

2. facilitated diffusion

118
Q

transport of AA - where does secondary active transport occur

A

luminal surface of enterocytes & proximal kidney tubules

119
Q

transport of AA - where does facilitated diffusion occur

A

serosal surface of cells

120
Q

transamination - definition

A

transfer of amino groups from an AA to an alpha ketoacid

121
Q

what amino acids undergo transamination

A

everything except for LYS and THR

122
Q

which is the main acceptor of the transamination reaction

A

alpha ketoglutarate (which becomes glutamate)

123
Q

deamination - goal

A

remove NH4 from glutamate to regenerate alpha ketoglutarate

124
Q

enzyme in deamination

A

glutamate dehydrogenase

125
Q

how is ammonia transported

A
  1. glutamine

2. alanine

126
Q

glutamine is used to transport ammonia from where to where

A

from peripheral tissues to liver

127
Q

alanine is used to transport ammonia from where to where

A

muscles to liver

128
Q

enzyme that synthesizes glutamine

A

glutamine synthetase

129
Q

purpose of the urea cycle

A

detoxify 2 ammonia/cycle

130
Q

urea cycle occurs in what organ

A

liver

131
Q

urea cycle occurs in what cellular compartment

A

mitochondria and cytosol

132
Q

how does nitrogen enter the urea cycle

A

NH4 and aspartate

133
Q

where does urea get its nitrogens from

A

glutamate

134
Q

how is the urea cycle linked to krebs

A

by fumarate

135
Q

partial urea cycles - function

A

synthesize ARG

136
Q

partial urea cycles - location

A

kidney and intestine

137
Q

purely ketogenic amino acids

A

LEU, LYS

138
Q

these amino acids are both glucogenic and ketogenic

A

TRP, PHE, TYR, THR, ISO

139
Q

MSUD - what is the problem

A

inability to degrade branched chain amino acids (VAL, LEU, ISO)

140
Q

examples of 1C transporters

A

biotin, THF, SAM

141
Q

precursor of THF

A

folic acids

142
Q

how is SAM linked to THF

A

SAM –> S-adenosyl homocysteine –> homocysteine –> methionine + THF

143
Q

homocysteine –> methionine needs what cofactor

A

B12

144
Q

propionylCoa –> succinylCoa needs what cofactor

A

B12

145
Q

essential AAs

A

PVT MAT HILL

146
Q

precursor of serine

A

3 phosphoglycerate

147
Q

precursor of glycine

A

serine

148
Q

precursor of cysteine

A

serine and methionine

149
Q

precursor of proline

A

glutamate

150
Q

precursor of arginine

A

phenylalanine

151
Q

precursor of tyrosine

A

phenylalanine

152
Q

process of creating catecholamines

A

tyrosine –> DOPA –> dopamine –> norepinephrine –> epinephrine

153
Q

precursor of melanin

A

tyrosine

154
Q

precursor of thyroxine

A

tyrosine

155
Q

precursor of NAD

A

tryptophan or niacin

156
Q

B1

A

thiamine

157
Q

B2

A

riboflavin

158
Q

B3

A

niacin

159
Q

B5

A

pantothenic acid

160
Q

B6

A

pyroxidine

161
Q

B9

A

folic acid

162
Q

B12

A

cyanocobalamin

163
Q

vit C

A

ascorbic acid

164
Q

vit A

A

retinol

165
Q

vit E

A

tocol/tocotrienol

166
Q

vit K

A

menaquinone

[OS 201] FINALS (2 decks)

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