Exam 2 (Chapter 5, 6 and 7) Flashcards
Biotic factor
Host cell density (affects infection rates), the presence of specific host species, and the activity of other microbes (e.g., bacteria that might degrade viral particles)
Abiotic factors
Temperature, salinity, UV radiation (can damage viral DNA), and the availability of nutrients
Viruses are important in controlling bacterial populations through
lysis (bursting) of cells, which releases nutrients and organic matter back into the environment. This process, known as the “viral shunt,” alters nutrient cycling and food web dynamics. They also play a role in horizontal gene transfer between bacteria.
Difference of prokaryotes
Lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Their DNA is typically a single circular chromosome. They are generally smaller than eukaryotes. (e.g., Bacteria, Archaea)
Differences of eukaryotics
Possess a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts. Their DNA is organized into multiple linear chromosomes. (e.g., Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals)
Chemosynthetic and photosynthetic bacteria similar
Both are autotrophs, meaning they produce their own food (organic compounds) from inorganic substances. They both form the base of food webs in certain ecosystems.
Chemosynthetic and photosynthetic bacteria difference
1) Energy Source
2) Habitat
How do marine bacteria contribute to the availability of nutrients in the ocean?
1) Decomposition
2) Nutrient Cycling
3) Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM) Consumption
Similarities of Archaea and true bacteria
Both are prokaryotic, single-celled organisms with no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. They also share similar shapes and sizes.
Differences of Archaea and true bacteria
1) Cell Wall Composition
2) Membrane Lipids
3) Genetics
Why are archaeans sometimes called extremophiles?
Many archaea thrive in extreme environments such as high temperatures (thermophiles), high salinity (halophiles), high pressure (piezophiles), or extreme pH levels. Their unique adaptations allow them to survive where other organisms cannot
What is the ecological role of marine fungi?
1) Decomposers
2) Parasites
3) Symbionts
4) Carbon cycling
Centric Diatoms:
Radially symmetrical. Commonly planktonic.
Pennate Diatoms:
Bilaterally symmetrical. Can be planktonic or benthic
Why do some photosynthetic dinoflagellates kill fish (nutrient hypothesis)
The “nutrient hypothesis” suggests that excess nutrients (like nitrogen and phosphorus) in the water can lead to blooms of certain dinoflagellates. Some of these dinoflagellates produce toxins that can kill fish or create anoxic conditions that suffocate fish.
Why don’t the calcareous skeletons of forams and coccolithophores accumulate in the deepest parts of the ocean?
The calcium carbonate (CaCO3) that makes up their skeletons dissolves at great depths due to the increased pressure and lower temperatures. The depth at which CaCO3 dissolves is called the lysocline, and the depth at which the rate of dissolution increases dramatically is called the carbonate compensation depth (CCD).
Diatom and dinoflagellates’s critical role
1) Primary Producers
2) Oxygen Production
3) Carbon Cycling
Diatom and dinoflagellates’s harmful effects
1) Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs)
2) Fish Kills
What are the functions of long projections coming out of many marine microbial species?
1) Increased Surface Area
2) Buoyancy
3) Defense
4) Attachment
5) Movement
Rhodophyta (Red Algae)
1) Characteristics
2) Habitat
Phaeophyta (Brown Algae):
1) Characteristics
2) Habitat
Chlorophyta (Green Algae):
1) Characteristics
2) Habitat
Major body parts (eg. holdfast, stipe, thallus, blade, pneumatocyst
1) Holdfast
2) Stipe
3) Thallus
4) Blade
5) Pneumatocyst
Differences in pigment utilization for photosynthesis
- Different algae have different pigments that absorb different wavelengths of light. This allows them to live in different depths of the ocean where different wavelengths of light penetrate. 2. Green algae use primarily chlorophyll, brown algae use fucoxanthin in addition to chlorophyll, and red algae use phycoerythrin in addition to chlorophyll
What is the function of mucus in seaweeds?
1) Protection
2) Defense
3) Attachment
4) Reduces Drag
What traits are used to classify seaweed?
1) Pigmentation
2) Cell Wall Composition
3) Food Storage Compounds:
4) Life Cycle
5) Morphology
Human uses of algae
1) Food
2) Thickeners/Stabilizers
3) Fertilizers
4) Wastewater Treatment
5) Biofuel Production
Know the major flowering plants (Anthophyta) that are common in Southern California
1) Eelgrass (Zostera marina)
2) Surfgrass (Phyllospadix torreyi and Phyllospadix scouleri)
3) Pickleweed (Salicornia virginica) (in salt marshes)
Major areas where marine or salt-tolerant anthophytes found in Southern California?
1) Seagrasses
2) Salt Marshes
How do seagrasses reproduce?
1) Asexually
2) Sexually
What are some of the economic uses of algae?
1) Food Industry
2) Pharmaceuticals
3) Cosmetics
4) Agriculture
5) Aquaculture
Where are mangroves found around the world? What are some of their adaptations to living in salty, flooded environments?
1) Distribution
2) Adaptations
a. Salt Tolerance
b. Aerial Roots
c. Viviparity
How do seagrasses contribute to the structure of coastal zones?
1) Stabilize Sediments
2) Provide Habitat
3) Filter Water
4) Buffer Wave Action
Know which major group (sponges) is the least complex, and why
Sponges (Porifera) are the least complex because they lack true tissues and organs. Their cells are relatively independent and can differentiate into different types but do not form organized structures like those found in more complex animals
Be able to discuss the evolution of complexity in animals in terms of symmetry, gut complexity, and the absence/presence of specialized tissues, organs…etc. Name animals that are good examples of each level of complexity
1) Symmetry
2) Gut Complexity
3) Specialized Tissues and Organs
1) Symmetry
a. Asymmetry
b. Radial Symmetry
c. Bilateral Symmetry
2) Gut Complexity
a. No Gut
b. Blind Gut (Incomplete Digestive System)
c. Complete Gut (Complete Digestive System
3) Specialized Tissues and Organs
a. No True Tissues (Diploblastic)
b. Two Tissue Layers (Diploblastic)
c. Three Tissue Layers (Triploblastic)
Be able to describe reproductive strategies (cloning/asexual reproduction, broadcast spawning, egg-laying etc.
1) Asexual Reproduction:
a. Cloning/Fragmentation
b. Budding
2) Sexual Reproduction:
a. Broadcast Spawning
b. Egg-Laying
c. Internal Fertilization.
Chemosynthetic and photosynthetic bacteria difference. 1) Energy Source:
Photosynthetic bacteria use sunlight as their energy source, while chemosynthetic bacteria use chemical energy (e.g., oxidation of sulfur, ammonia, or iron).
Chemosynthetic and photosynthetic bacteria difference. 2) Habitat
Photosynthetic bacteria are found in the photic zone (where sunlight penetrates), while chemosynthetic bacteria are often found in dark environments like hydrothermal vents or deep-sea sediments.
How do marine bacteria contribute to the availability of nutrients in the ocean? 1) Decomposition
They break down organic matter, releasing nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus.
How do marine bacteria contribute to the availability of nutrients in the ocean? 2) Nutrient Cycling
They participate in the nitrogen cycle (nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification), phosphorus cycle, and other biogeochemical cycles.
How do marine bacteria contribute to the availability of nutrients in the ocean? 3) Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM) Consumption
Bacteria consume DOM, converting it into biomass that can then be consumed by other organisms.
Differences of Archaea and true bacteria 1) Cell Wall Composition
Bacteria have peptidoglycan in their cell walls, while archaea do not.
Differences of Archaea and true bacteria 2) Membrane Lipids
Archaea have unique lipids in their cell membranes that allow them to withstand extreme conditions.
Differences of Archaea and true bacteria 3) Genetics
Archaea have genes and metabolic pathways that are more similar to eukaryotes than bacteria.
What is the ecological role of marine fungi? 1) Decomposers
They break down organic matter, recycling nutrients.
What is the ecological role of marine fungi? 2) Parasites
Some fungi are parasites of marine algae, plants, and animals.
What is the ecological role of marine fungi? 3) Symbionts
Some fungi form symbiotic relationships with algae or other organisms.
What is the ecological role of marine fungi? 4) Carbon cycling
They may be important in the cycling of carbon in marine sediments
Diatom and dinoflagellates’s critical role 1) Primary Producers
They are major contributors to primary production in the ocean, forming the base of the food web.
Diatom and dinoflagellates’s critical role 2) Oxygen Production
They produce a significant portion of the Earth’s oxygen.
Diatom and dinoflagellates’s critical role 3) Carbon Cycling
They play a vital role in the marine carbon cycle, sequestering carbon dioxide.
Diatom and dinoflagellates’s harmful effects 1) Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs)
Some dinoflagellates cause HABs (red tides) that can produce toxins harmful to marine life and humans (e.g., domoic acid, saxitoxin).
Diatom and dinoflagellates’s harmful effects 2) Fish Kills:
HABs can also lead to fish kills due to oxygen depletion or the release of toxins.
What are the functions of long projections coming out of many marine microbial species? 1) Increased Surface Area:
Projections increase surface area for nutrient uptake.
What are the functions of long projections coming out of many marine microbial species? 2) Buoyancy
They can help cells stay afloat in the water column.
What are the functions of long projections coming out of many marine microbial species? 3) Defense
Some projections may deter predators.
What are the functions of long projections coming out of many marine microbial species? 4) Attachment
They can aid in attaching to surfaces.
What are the functions of long projections coming out of many marine microbial species? 5) Movement
Some projections (e.g., flagella) are used for locomotion
Rhodophyta (Red Algae) ‘s characteristics
Contain the pigment phycoerythrin (which gives them their red color), allowing them to live in deeper waters. They lack flagella.
Rhodophyta (Red Algae) ‘s habitat
Found in marine environments, from shallow to deep waters.
Phaeophyta (Brown Algae)’s characteristics
Contain the pigment fucoxanthin (which gives them their brown color). They are the largest and most complex algae.
Phaeophyta (Brown Algae)’s habitat
Primarily marine, found in cooler waters, often in intertidal and subtidal zones. Examples include kelp forests.
Chlorophyta (Green Algae)’s characteristics
Contain chlorophyll as their primary pigment, similar to land plants.
Chlorophyta (Green Algae)’s habitat
Found in a variety of environments, including freshwater, marine, and terrestrial habitats.
Major body parts (eg. holdfast, stipe, thallus, blade, pneumatocyst
1) Holdfast
Anchors the algae to a substsate (like a root).
Major body parts (eg. holdfast, stipe, thallus, blade, pneumatocyst
2) Stipe
A stem-like structure that supports the blades.
Major body parts (eg. holdfast, stipe, thallus, blade, pneumatocyst
3) Thallus
The entire body of the seaweed.
Major body parts (eg. holdfast, stipe, thallus, blade, pneumatocyst
4) Blade
Leaf-like structures where photosynthesis occurs.
Major body parts (eg. holdfast, stipe, thallus, blade, pneumatocyst
5) Pneumatocyst
Gas-filled bladders that provide buoyancy, allowing the algae to float towards the surface for better access to sunlight.
What is the function of mucus in seaweeds?
1) Protection
Mucus protects the seaweed from desiccation (drying out) in the intertidal zone.
What is the function of mucus in seaweeds?
2) Defense
It can deter herbivores.
What is the function of mucus in seaweeds?
3) Attachment
It can aid in attachment to surfaces.
What is the function of mucus in seaweeds?
4) Reduces Drag
It can reduce drag from water movement.
What traits are used to classify seaweed?
1) Pigmentation
The type and concentration of photosynthetic pigments.
What traits are used to classify seaweed?
2) Cell Wall Composition
The chemical composition of the cell walls.
What traits are used to classify seaweed?
3) Food Storage Compounds
The type of carbohydrate used for energy storage.
What traits are used to classify seaweed?
4) Life Cycle
The pattern of reproduction (e.g., alternation of generations)
What traits are used to classify seaweed?
5) Morphology
The overall structure and organization of the thallus.
Human uses of algae
1) Food
(e.g., nori, kombu, wakame)
Human uses of algae
2) Thickeners/Stabilizers:
Alginates, carrageenan, and agar are used in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.
Human uses of algae
3) Fertilizers
Seaweed extracts are used as fertilizers.
Human uses of algae
4) Wastewater Treatment
Algae can be used to remove pollutants from wastewater.
Human uses of algae
5) Biofuel Production
Algae are being explored as a source of biofuel
Major areas where marine or salt-tolerant anthophytes found in Southern California?
1) Seagrasses
Found in bays, estuaries, and coastal areas with soft sediments. Examples include:
a. Newport Bay
b. Mission Bay
c. Catalina Island
Major areas where marine or salt-tolerant anthophytes found in Southern California?
2) Salt Marshes
Found in sheltered coastal areas. Examples include:
a. Tijuana River Estuary
b. Bolsa Chica Ecological Reserve
How do seagrasses reproduce?
1) Asexually
Through rhizome extension (vegetative growth).
How do seagrasses reproduce?
2) Sexually
Through flowering and seed production. Pollen is transported by water currents
What are some of the economic uses of algae?
1) Food Industry
As food and as thickening/stabilizing agents (alginates, carrageenan, agar)
What are some of the economic uses of algae?
2) Pharmaceuticals
Source of bioactive compounds for drug development
What are some of the economic uses of algae?
3) Cosmetics
Used in skincare products
What are some of the economic uses of algae?
4) Agriculture
As fertilizers and soil conditioners
What are some of the economic uses of algae?
5) Aquaculture
As feed for farmed fish and shellfish
Where are mangroves found around the world? What are some of their adaptations to living in salty, flooded environments?
1) Distribution
Mangroves are found in tropical and subtropical coastal areas worldwide.
Where are mangroves found around the world? What are some of their adaptations to living in salty, flooded environments?
2) Adaptations:
a. Salt Tolerance: They can excrete salt through their leaves, block salt uptake at the roots, or accumulate salt in vacuoles.
b. Aerial Roots: They have specialized roots (pneumatophores) that extend above the water to obtain oxygen in the waterlogged soil.
c. Viviparity: Some mangrove species have seeds that germinate while still attached to the parent tree (viviparity), allowing them to establish quickly in the intertidal zone.
How do seagrasses contribute to the structure of coastal zones?
1) Stabilize Sediments
Their roots bind sediments, preventing erosion.
How do seagrasses contribute to the structure of coastal zones?
2) Provide Habitat
They create complex habitats that support a diverse community of marine organisms.
How do seagrasses contribute to the structure of coastal zones?
3) Filter Water
They trap sediments and absorb nutrients, improving water quality.
How do seagrasses contribute to the structure of coastal zones?
4) Buffer Wave Action
They reduce wave energy, protecting coastlines from erosion
1) Symmetry
a. Asymmetry
Sponges (Porifera) - lack symmetry.
1) Symmetry
b. Radial Symmetry
Cnidaria (jellyfish, anemones) and Ctenophora (comb jellies) - have body parts arranged around a central axis.
1) Symmetry
c. Bilateral Symmetry
Platyhelminthes (flatworms), Annelida (segmented worms), Mollusca (clams, snails, squid), Arthropoda (crabs, insects) and others - have a distinct left and right side.
2) Gut Complexity
a. No Gut
Sponges (Porifera) - intracellular digestion.
2) Gut Complexity
b. Blind Gut (Incomplete Digestive System)
Cnidaria and Platyhelminthes - have a single opening that serves as both mouth and anus.
2) Gut Complexity
c. Complete Gut (Complete Digestive System)
Nematoda, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, Chordata - have a separate mouth and anus, allowing for more efficient digestion.
3) Specialized Tissues and Organs
a. No True Tissues
Sponges (Porifera) - have specialized cells but lack organized tissues.
3) Specialized Tissues and Organs
b. Two Tissue Layers (Diploblastic)
Cnidaria and Ctenophora - have an ectoderm and endoderm, separated by a mesoglea.
3) Specialized Tissues and Organs
c. Three Tissue Layers (Triploblastic)
Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, Chordata - have an ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm, allowing for the development of complex organs.
Describe reproductive strategies (cloning/asexual reproduction, broadcast spawning, egg-laying etc.
1) Asexual Reproduction:
a. Cloning/Fragmentation:
Breaking off a piece of an organism that can develop into a new individual (e.g., some sponges, sea stars).
Describe reproductive strategies (cloning/asexual reproduction, broadcast spawning, egg-laying etc.
2) Sexual Reproduction:
a. Broadcast Spawning:
Releasing eggs and sperm into the water for fertilization (e.g., many marine invertebrates like corals, sea urchins, and some mollusks).
Describe reproductive strategies (cloning/asexual reproduction, broadcast spawning, egg-laying etc.
1) Asexual Reproduction:
b. Budding
A new individual grows out of the body of the parent (e.g., some cnidarians, sponges)
Describe reproductive strategies (cloning/asexual reproduction, broadcast spawning, egg-laying etc.
2) Sexual Reproduction:
b. Egg-Laying
Females lay eggs that are fertilized internally or externally (e.g., some snails, crustaceans).
Describe reproductive strategies (cloning/asexual reproduction, broadcast spawning, egg-laying etc.
2) Sexual Reproduction:
c. Internal Fertilization
Sperm fertilizes the egg inside the female’s body (e.g., some sharks, marine mammals).
