Chapter 4: Fundamental of Biology Flashcards
Memorize all of them
Energy needed for life:
1) Metabolize
2) Grow
3) React to environment
4) Reproduce
Matter: Most implement elements
Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Calcium, amd Phosphate
Living organism made of water made of 2/3 of most organisms and organic molecules
(Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen) - Carbohydrate, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids
Organic Compounds
1) Carbohydrates
2) Lipids
3) Proteins
4) Nucleic acids
5) High energy compound
1) Carbohydrates include
Polysaccharides contain disaccharides composed of two monosaccharides
2) Lipids include
Triglycerides composed of fatty acids amd glycerol
3) Proteins composed of
Peptides composed of amino acids
4) Nucleic acids include
RNA and DNA composed of nucleotides
5) High energy compound include
ATP composed of nucleotides and phosphate groups
Fueling life
1) Sun = ultimate energy source
2) Metabolism
3) Photosynthesis accomplished by (photoautotrophs (microbes, algae, and vascular plants)
Respiration performed by
Autotrophic (plants) and heterotrophic (non-plant) organisms
Energy from respiration converted to
Heat or adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Primary production
Net gain of organic matter by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis after subtracting respiration
Nutrients criticals to primary produces
1) Nitrate
2) Phosphate
3) Silicia
4) Iron
Life started at
3.8 bya
Cells = ?
Basic structural unit of life
Cells either
Prokaryotic or eukaryotic
All cells surrounded by
Plasma membrane
Most cell covered by
Cell wall (except animal cell)
Internal environment of cells consits of
Cytoplasm and Organelles
Animal cells have a
Plasma membrane without cell wall
Animal cell contains
Membrane bound organelles
Cell organelles of eukaryotes include
1) Cilia and flagella
2) Vacuoles
3) Chloroplast
Plant cells have a plasma membrane and cell wall contain
Membrane bound organelles
Living organisms are classified into several levels
1) Cell
2) Organs and organ systems
3) Organisms (individual)
4) Population
5) Community and ecosystem
Organism maintain
Homeostasis
Dissolved substances and water moved by
Diffusion and Osmosis
Hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic
Solutions
Plasma membrane were
Selectively permeable
High concentration will move to the other side while lower concentration
Water move high to low (right side)
Hypotonic (lower solutions)
Lower concentration outside
Isotonic (same)
Same concentration inside and outside
Hypertonic (higher)
Higher concentration outside
Osmoconformers
Only live in limited range (most invertebrates)
Sharks are osmoconformers but are
Ion regulators
Osmoregulator
Fish have an internal salt concentration that is 1/3 to 1/2 that of seawater
Osmoregulator are
Hypotonic to seawater and hypertonic to freshwater
In seawater, fish drinks water to
Replace what it lost
In freshwater, fish don’t drink water but it
Make dilute urine to converse salt
Marine fish (characteristics)
1) Water loss by osmosis through gills and skins
2) Drink seawater
3) Salt excreted by gills
4) Small volume of relatively salty urine
5) Salt passes through guts
Freshwater fish (characteristics)
1) Water gained by osmosis
2) Does not drink water
3) Salt absorbed by gills
4) Large volume of dilute urine
5) No salt enter guts
Temperature affects
Metabolisms
Most organisms adapted to
Specific temperature range
Marine organisms can be
Ectotherms or endotherms
Ectotherms were most
No physiology regulation of internal temperature and internal temperature same as outside
Some ectotherms are
poikilotherms = internal temperature changes with external temperature
Endotherms
Birds, mammals, and some fish
Homeotherms
Constant internal temperature regardless of external temperature (use their own energy and have internal temperature)
Advantage of Endothermy
Can survive in a wide range of conditions and habitat etc Antarctica
Advantage of Ectothermy
Don’t need a constant food supply to drive metabolism and have simple control mechanisms
Disadvantage of Endothermy
Must have a constant food supply to drive metabolism and have complex control metabolism
Disadvantage of Ectothermy
It cannot survive in a wide a range of conditions and habitat eg Antarctica winter
Buoyancy and Floatation
1) Simple structural system
2) Sinking still problems
3) Adaptation against sinking were listed
Adaptation against sinking were listed
1) Large surface area to volume ratios
2) Secreting gases
3) Oil droplet, oily liverse, blubber
4) Less dense ions in tissue fluids
5) Having light bone (fish) or hollow bones (birds)
Asexual reproduction
1) No gametes
2) Cell fission and mitosis preceded by DNA replication
3) Fission and budding
Asexual reproduction (Pros)
1) Fast
2) Cheap and not spending energy to make gametes
3) No care of offspring
Asexual reproduction (Cons)
Direct clone: No genetic diversity
Sexual reproduction
1) Gametes formed by meiosis of germ tissue cells
2) Diploid vs haploid
3) Ovaries vs testes
4) Fertilization results in a zygote
5) Zygote = embryo = larval stages (Immature) adult
Reproductive strategies
Some organisms can be both asexual or sexual depending on conditions and classified as r-selected or k-selected
r-selected
Unstable environment and densisty independent
k-selected
Stable environment, density dependent interaction
r-selected (characteristics)
1) Small size of organism
2) Energy used to make each individual is low
3) Many offspring are produced
4) Early maturity
5) Short life expectancy
6) Each individual reproduces only once
7) Type III survivorship patterns in which most of the individual die within the short time, but a few of them live longer
k-selected (characteristics)
1) Large size of organism
2) Energy used to make each individual is high
3) Few offspring are produced
4) Late maturity, often after a prolonged period of parental care
5) Long-life expectancy
6) Individuals can reproduce more than once in their lifetime
7) Type I and II survivorship pattern in which most individual live to near the max lifespan
